Prognosis and risk factors for idiopathic membranous

nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome in Japan. Kidney Int. 2004;65:1400–7.PubMedCrossRef 17. eFT508 Polanco N, Gutierrez E, Covarsi A, Ariza F, Carreno A, Vigil A, et al. Spontaneous remission of nephrotic syndrome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:697–704.PubMedCrossRef 18. Polanco N, Gutierrez E, Rivera F, Castellanos I, Baltar J, Lorenzo D, et al. Spontaneous remission of nephrotic syndrome in membranous nephropathy with chronic renal impairment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:231–4.PubMedCrossRef 19. Omokawa A, Komatsuda A, Nara M, Fujiwara T, Sato R, Togashi M, et al. Renal biopsy in patients aged 80 years and older: a single-center experience in Japan. Clin Nephrol. 2012;77:461–7.PubMed 20. Yokoyama H, Sugiyama H, Sato H, Taguchi T, Nagata M, Matsuo S, et al. Renal disease in the elderly and the very elderly Japanese: analysis of LEE011 clinical trial the Japan Renal Biopsy Registry (J-RBR). Clin Exp Niraparib in vivo Nephrol. 2012 (in press). 21. Koyama A, Yamagata K, Makino H, Arimura Y, Wada T, Nitta K, et al. A nationwide survey of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in Japan:

etiology, prognosis and treatment diversity. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2009;13:633–50.PubMedCrossRef 22. Yamagata K, Usui J, Saito C, Yamaguchi N, Hirayama K, Mase K, et al. ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis in Japan: clinical features and prognostic changes. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2012;16:580–8.PubMedCrossRef 23. Matsuo S, Yamagata K, Makino H, Arimura Y, Muso E, Nitta K, et al. The guideline for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Jpn J Nephrol (in Japanese). 2011;53:509–55. 24. Covic A, Schiller A, Volovat C, Gluhovschi G, Gusbeth-Tatomir P, Petrica L, et al. Epidemiology of renal disease in Romania: a 10 year Ribonucleotide reductase review of two regional renal biopsy databases. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:419–24.PubMedCrossRef

25. Rivera F, Lopez-Gomez JM, Perez-Garcia R. Frequency of renal pathology in Spain 1994–1999. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1594–602.PubMedCrossRef 26. Heaf J, Lokkegaard H, Larsen S. The epidemiology and prognosis of glomerulonephritis in Denmark 1985–1997. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:1889–97.PubMedCrossRef 27. McQuarrie EP, Mackinnon B, Young B, Yeoman L, Stewart G, Fleming S, et al. Centre variation in incidence, indication and diagnosis of adult native renal biopsy in Scotland. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:1524–8.PubMedCrossRef 28. Simon P, Ramee MP, Boulahrouz R, Stanescu C, Charasse C, Ang KS, et al. Epidemiologic data of primary glomerular diseases in western France. Kidney Int. 2004;66:905–8.PubMedCrossRef 29. Wirta O, Mustonen J, Helin H, Pasternack A. Incidence of biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:193–200.PubMedCrossRef 30. Briganti EM, Dowling J, Finlay M, Hill PA, Jones CL, Kincaid-Smith PS, et al. The incidence of biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis in Australia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:1364–7.PubMedCrossRef 31.

Whether this phenotype was due to a direct involvement of Hog1p in the regulation of the iron responsive network or due to indirect effects, such as perturbations of copper metabolism, which may have impaired the functionality of iron uptake proteins was not yet studied. As expected, high levels of extracellular iron increased the formation of intracellular ROS. Thus, we used intracellular ROS levels Epigenetics inhibitor together with ACP-196 the removal of iron from growth medium as indicators of iron entry into the cells. We detected

increased basal ROS levels in the Δhog1 mutants, as previously reported [36]. These ROS levels were further increased by exposure to 30 μM Fe3+ confirming that iron was taken up by Δhog1 cells. Moreover, iron ions were removed from the growth medium with the same efficiency by Δhog1 as by the reference (DAY286) cells. Thus, Hog1p dependent phenotypes of the C. albicans response to iron were not due to iron uptake

deficiencies, but could be rather due to the involvement of Hog1p in the response to iron availability. This is supported by our data on the transient hyper-phosphorylation of Hog1p during exposure of cells to high iron concentrations. Elevated iron concentrations induced a flocculent phenotype of C. albicans, which was dependent on the presence of both Hog1p and Pbs2p, as well as on protein synthesis. As high iron concentrations led to increased phosphorylation of Hog1p, this could induce the synthesis of proteins of which Dabrafenib molecular weight some mediate cell aggregation. This iron triggered activation of Hog1p is likely not related to oxidative stress, as the potent radical scavenger NAC did not prevent the flocculent phenotype upon exposure to high iron concentrations, while it decreased intracellular ROS levels. For the closely related Sucrase yeast S. cerevisiae, a function of ScHog1p in cell aggregation was reported, in that hyperactive

ScHog1p mutants resulted in increased flocculation [51]. First hints on an involvement of Hog1p in the response of C. albicans to iron came from the observation of the de-repression of several iron uptake genes in the Δhog1 mutant under otherwise repressive conditions [27]. In agreement with these gene expression data, we observed increased MCFOs protein levels and ferric reductase activity in Δhog1 mutants. Furthermore we found that MCFOs were also de-repressed in Δpbs2 mutants, indicating that the HOG1 mediated regulation of MCFOs was dependent on PBS2. Remarkably, induction of these components in RIM was not strictly dependent on Hog1p, as this induction was also observed in the Δhog1 mutant. Thus deletion of HOG1 de-repressed components of the iron uptake system, and this elevated basal level was further enhanced when iron availability was limited. Hog1p was shown to be essential for C. albicans under oxidative stress conditions [30].

08) . Sol State Commun 2008,145(3):132–136. 10.1016/j.ssc.2007.10.012CrossRef 30. Koc R, Anderson H: Electrical conductivity and selleck chemical Seebeck coefficient of (La, Ca)(Cr, Co)O 3 . J Mater Sci 1992,27(20):5477–5482. 10.1007/BF00541609CrossRef 31. Kuo J, Anderson H, Sparlin D: Oxidation reduction behavior of undoped and Sr-doped 3-MA in vivo LaMno3: defect structure, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric power . J Solid State Chem 1990,87(1):55–63. 10.1016/0022-4596(90)90064-5CrossRef 32. Ritter C, Ibarra M, DeTeresa

J, Algarabel P, Marquina C, Blasco J, Garcia J, Oseroff S, Cheong S: Influence of oxygen content on the structural, magnetotransport, and magnetic properties of LaMnO3+delta . Phys Rev B 1997.,56(14): Go6983 cell line 33. Mizusaki J, Mori N, Takai H, Yonemura Y, Minamiue H, Tagawa H, Dokiya M, Inaba H, Naraya K, Sasamoto T, Hashimoto T: Oxygen nonstoichiometry and defect equilibrium in the perovskite-type oxides La 1− x Sr x MnO 3 . Solid State Ion 2000,129(3–4):163–177.CrossRef 34. Zeng Z, Greenblatt M, Croft M: Large magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic CaMnO3-delta . Phys Rev B 1999,59(13):8784–8788. 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.8784CrossRef 35. Taylor PS, Korugic-Karasz L, Wilusz E, Lahti PM, Karasz FE:

Thermoelectric studies of oligophenylenevinylene segmented block copolymers and their blends with MEH-PPV . Synth Met 2013, 185:109–114.CrossRef 36. Shi H, Liu C, Xu J, Song H, Lu B, Jiang F, Zhou W, Zhang G, Jiang Q: Facile fabrication of PEDOT:PSS/polythiophenes bilayered nanofilms on pure organic electrodes and their thermoelectric performance . ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013,5(24):12811–12819. 10.1021/am404183vCrossRef 37. Yoon C, Kim J, Sung H, Lee H: Electrical conductivity and thermopower of phosphoric acid doped

polyaniline . Synth Met 1997,84(1–3):789–790.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MC was in charge of the thermoelectric characterization, RT developed the synthesis of materials, CMG was in charge of X-ray analysis, and AC realized the discussion of the thermoelectric results. All authors read and approved the final click here manuscript.”
“Background Silicon as anode material for Li ion batteries has a theoretical capacity of 4,200 mAh/g, more than ten times the capacity of standard graphite anodes. Microstructured Si in wire-shape overcomes problems caused by its four-fold volume expansion during its lithiation, allowing capacity stability over hundreds of cycles [1, 2]. Arrays of Si wires have been intensively studied in the latest years as alternative anodes for Li ion batteries. Those arrays have been prepared by three major techniques: (1) Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique, using mostly ‘Au droplets’ as catalytic growth sites [1, 3, 4].   (2) Metal-assisted chemical etching of single-crystalline silicon [5, 6].

Samoylov et al. [23] reported a very small decrease (on the order of 10-3 Å) in the lattice constant of In-doped PbTe films within the molar fraction interval of 0 < x < 0.064 of indium. This

decrease is 1 order of magnitude smaller than the uncertainty in lattice constant in our INCB28060 manufacturer samples (see Table  1). Another work by Belokon et al. [24] also reported almost constant lattice parameter with the doping level of indium up to 2 at% of indium doping. The bigger uncertainty in the lattice constant calculation in our samples can SCH727965 mouse be attributed to the limit of the method used in the calculation. The possible minute change in lattice constant with the indium content is beyond the detectable limit of our XRD system. Table 1 Lattice constants of undoped and In-doped PbTe samples Doping type Sample name Lattice constant, Å Undoped

PbTe-2 P505-15 order 6.423 ± 0.017 Doped In005PbTe 6.452 ± 0.019 In01PbTe 6.437 ± 0.014 In015PbTe 6.418 ± 0.013 In02PbTe 6.441 ± 0.015 Figure 2 Graph of lattice constant versus doping level of indium in In-doped PbTe samples. The samples were synthesized at 140°C for 24 h in water/glycerol solution. To further investigate the doping mechanism, we studied the favorability of indium atom to substitute Pb by conducting the pseudo-potential first principle calculations using a single cubic 2 × 2 × 2 supercell with 32 units of PbTe. We first started with 64-atom Pb32Te32 cell to calculate the lattice constant of PbTe crystal. The calculated value of the lattice constant is found to be 6.33 Å which is in close agreement with the reported value for cubic PbTe, 6.454 Å (JCPDS: 78-1905). This is followed by calculation of the formation energy for substitution with one indium in the 2 × 2 × 2 supercell (1.5 at% of In) which is slightly higher in indium level compared to our highest doped experimental sample In0.02Pb0.98Te (1.0 at%). The formation energy of the substitution is defined as E sub = E(Pb32Te32) + E(In) - E(InPb31Te32) - E(Pb).

The calculated value of the formation energy of the substitution is 3.21 eV which is larger than the calculated cohesive energy of indium crystal (E in), 2.52 eV. Since E sub > E in, we can conclude that indium is highly favorable to substitute Sorafenib research buy Pb into the PbTe for 1.5 at% doping level. This conclusion is consistent with the result we got from the XRD analysis of our In-doped PbTe samples. No indium phase is detected by XRD in our sample. We further calculated the formation energy of substitution for InPb15Te16 (3.12 at% of In) and InPb7Te8 (6.24 at% of In) in order to investigate the solubility of the indium into PbTe. It is found that formation energy for substitutions reduced to -0.6 and -1.17 eV, respectively, for 3.12 and 6.24 at% of indium doping. The reduced value of substitution energy indicates that substitution of Pb with indium becomes less favorable with the increased In doping concentration. The very large negative substitution energy, -1.17 eV for 6.

Therefore, it can modulate ionic flux and rectify ionic transport current through the nanochannel/nanopore.

These nanodevices acting as rectifier enable the possible applications in single-molecule sensing and separation [7–10]. Carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes offer a fast fluid platform. The fluid velocity of a carbon nanotube membrane is 10,000 times faster than the conventional membrane of similar pore size due to atomically smooth graphite core [11, 12]. Moreover, the #selleck chemical randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# CNT membranes have far more mechanical strength than lipid bilayer films, thus providing an exciting opportunity for chemical separation, drug delivery, and other applications [13, 14]. Carbon nanotube membranes can imitate ion channels with functionalized

molecules acting as mimetic gatekeepers. Chemical functionalization of molecules (biotin [15], phosphorylation [16], and charged dye [17]) at the entrance of the CNT core enables the modest modulation of ionic transportation. Further study had shown that the steric hindrance of gatekeepers at the pore entrance can be controlled with voltage [18]. Negative bias repels the anionic tethered molecules away from the CNT entrance, opening the channel, while positive bias pulls the anionic tethered molecules into the pore, thus closing Cell Cycle inhibitor the channel. The voltage-gated carbon nanotube membranes have been successfully applied in drug delivery. CNT membranes enable the programmable delivery of the addictive drug nicotine into the human skin in vitro for abuse treatment [19]. Neutral caffeine can also be pumped through CNT membranes via a highly efficient electroosmotic flow that is 100-fold more power efficient compared to conventional materials such as anodized aluminum oxide membranes [20]. To achieve gatekeeper activity on CNT

membranes, there needs to be a high functional density only at the CNT tips or pore entrances [12, 21]. This has been largely achieved with a two-step process, wherein diazonium grafting first creates carboxyl groups at the CNT tips followed by carbodiimide coupling chemistry [17, 22]. Diazonium grafting generates highly reactive radicals that covalently react with the electrode or subsequent organic layer on the surface under mild solvent and temperature conditions [23, 24]. However, it is difficult to control the amount of carboxylate groups on the CNT tip 4��8C due to polymerization during diazonium grafting [24, 25]. In principle, grafting reaction is self-limiting when an insulating polymer layer stops the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salt. However, with ionic functional groups (such as carboxylates), the reaction can proliferate and block carbon nanotubes. Another complication of the diazonium approach is that it generally requires two-step functionalization since the diazonium formation reaction is not compatible with many functional groups that would be required on the gatekeeper.

2006; Hartvigsen et al. 2004; Steenstra et al. 2005; Woods 2005), and a lack of research focus specifically on work CP-690550 supplier Social support; for example, of the eight recent reviews (Bongers et al. 2006; Hartvigsen et al. 2004; Steenstra et al. 2005; Woods 2005; Waddell and Burton 2001; Hoogendoorn et al. 2000; Kuijer et al. 2006; TH-302 datasheet Lakke et al. 2009), only one review (Woods 2005) solely considered

work support issues using qualitative methodology. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the evidence of employment-related social support on the risk of occurrence of a new episode of back pain and on the influence of employment-related support on prognosis once someone has back pain (e.g. recovery, return to work status). Furthermore, by way of a critical evidence synthesis, this review will address some current difficulties reported by previous reviews. This will be done by (1) stratification of evidence by study outcome (e.g. risk or prognosis), (2) stratification by type of support (e.g. co-worker, supervisor, general support), (3) critical assessment of the evidence based on the adequacy of the measure of employment

social support and other key components of the included studies (e.g. response rate, attrition rate, geographic location, type of employment, sample size, sophistication of the analysis, length of follow up time, assessment of LBP). Methods This review uses a systematic approach to identify and synthesise research on employment social support (e.g. general level of support at work, level of supervisor support, level of co-worker support) within back pain populations. SHP099 price Search strategy The following computerised

databases were searched from their respective inception dates up to 18 November 2011: MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, IBSS, AMED and BNI. Reference lists of the studies and current relevant reviews were checked for additional study citations. Validated measures of social support were also citation checked using the ISI Web of Science citation mapping system, and databases of local experts were consulted for information on additional research studies. Inclusion criteria Articles were included if they had a focus on this website LBP populations (e.g. search term keywords: Back Pain, Low Back Pain), measured employment social support (e.g. search term keywords: Social Support, Social Interaction, Occupational Health Services, Employment Support, Employment Based Support), and provided data for the role of employment social support on risk of occurrence of LBP or prognosis with LBP outcomes such as pain intensity, disability or associated prognostic factors (search term keywords: Risk factors, Prospective, Epidemiologic Studies, Cohort studies, Case–Control Studies). The search terms (“Appendix 1”) were used as key words and also exploded to include all lower level headings (e.g. Mesh terms within MEDLINE).

However, both T and B lymphocytes were found to have increased and proliferated in the carbon PS 341 dot-treated groups compared with the saline control group on the ninth day post exposure (P < 0.05; Figure 3). Furthermore, the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes was dependent on the dose of carbon dots. The 50-mg/kg

administration of carbon dots had a more significant effect on the T lymphocyte proliferation than the 2-mg/kg administration (P < 0.05). The B lymphocyte proliferation in mice treated with 50 mg/kg of carbon dots increased significantly compared with the other two groups treated with carbon dots (P < 0.05; Figure 3). Figure 3 Influence of carbon dots on splenocyte proliferation of BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice were injected in the caudal vein with different doses of carbon dots. Spleen samples were separated to prepare splenocytes at 1 or 9 days after the administration. T lymphocytes were introduced by ConA,

Dibutyryl-cAMP datasheet and B lymphocytes were introduced by LPS. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations, n = 5. *P < 0.01 compared with saline group; #P < 0.01 compared with lower dose carbon dot-treated group. Significant difference was calculated by one-way ANOVA using SPSS19.0. The proportions of lymphocyte subsets The percentage of CD3+ and CD19+ represented the relative quantities of T and B lymphocytes, and the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ explained the proportion of helper LY2874455 datasheet T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, respectively. Compared with the saline group, only the 50-mg/kg group had a significant percentage of CD19+ (P < 0.05; Table 2); all of the three carbon dot-treated groups were found to have a decrease in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ versus the control group on the first day after administration (P < 0.01;

Table 3). At 9 days post exposure, to a significant increase of the percentage of CD3+ was noticed in the three carbon dot-treated groups versus the control (P < 0.01), and the increase of CD19+ percentage was observed in the 2- and 10-mg/kg groups versus the control (P < 0.01; Table 4). Furthermore, the ratio of CD3+/CD19+ had an evident increase in all the three carbon dot-treated groups versus the control (P < 0.01 for 2 and 50 mg/kg; P < 0.05 for 10 mg/kg; Table 4). The percentage of CD19+ in the 10-mg/kg administration groups was higher than that in the other two carbon dot-treated groups (P < 0.01; Table 4). Compared with the saline group, the proportion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets was increased in drug-treated groups versus the control (P < 0.01; Table 5). However, administration of carbon dots decreased the ratio of CD4+/CD8+, especially for the 2-mg/kg group versus the control (P < 0.05; Table 5), whereas there was no difference in the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ between the administration groups (P > 0.05; Table 5).

The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the NiCo2O4 nanoneedles was determined through nitrogen sorption measurement at 77K. Electrochemical measurements were carried out by electrochemical workstation (CHI 660E, CH Instruments

Inc., Shanghai, China) using three-electrode configuration in 2 M KOH aqueous solution. Both the pristine carbon cloth (≈1.5 × 4.0 cm2) and NCONAs (NiCo2O4 mass, ≈5 mg) were directly used as the working electrode. The value of specific capacitance (F g-1) and current rate (A g-1) was https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jq-ez-05-jqez5.html calculated based on the total mass of the active materials. The reference and counter electrodes were standard calomel electrode (SCE) and platinum foil, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed at a scanning rate of 2 to 40 mV s-1 www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-680(MK-0457).html from -0.2 to 0.6 V at room temperature. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements were carried out from -0.1 to 0.5 V at a current density of 2 to 16 A g-1, under opens circuit potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed by applying an alternate current (AC) voltage with 5 mV amplitude in a frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz. The specific capacitances were calculated according to equation C = (IΔt)/(ΔV × m),

where I is the constant discharge current, Δt is the discharge time, ΔV is the voltage drop upon discharging (excluding the IR drop), and m is the total mass of the active substance of the electrode material. Results and discussion Figure  1 shows the crystallographic structure and the crystallographic phase of NiCo2O4 with the spinel structure. As depicted in Figure  1a, the

Ni species occupy the octahedral sites and the Co is distributed over both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Due to the presence of mixed valences of the same cation in such spinel cobaltite, the NiCo2O4 possesses at least 2 orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity than that of the monometallic nickel and cobalt oxides by electron transfer taking place with relatively low activation energy between cations [12, Florfenicol 26, 27]. The crystallographic phase of the Caspase Inhibitor VI price as-fabricated NCONAs product was studied by the XRD technique, and the typical wide-angle diffraction pattern is shown in Figure  1b (NCONAs were scraped from carbon cloth) and Additional file 1: Figure S2. Seven well-defined diffraction peaks, including not only the peak position but also their relative intensities, can be easily indexed as cubic spinel NiCo2O4 crystalline structure. In order to further understand the composition and structure of these NCONAs samples, Raman analysis was performed and the typical Raman spectrum of the products is shown in Additional file 1: Figure S1. In the Raman spectrum of carbon cloth, the G band (1,590 cm-1) represents the in-plane bond-stretching motion of the pairs of C sp2 atoms (the E2g phonons), while the D band (1,350 cm-1) corresponds to breathing modes of rings or K-point phonons of A1g symmetry [28].

It could be seen that the presence of the AgNPs leads to a considerable improvement in EQE for short-wavelength range, which is consistent with the absorption spectra of P3HT:PCBM [23], as compared to the reference cells. Furthermore, the curves of AgNP-decorated cells decrease slightly in long-wavelength

range. This decrease could be attributed to the low light absorption in the silicon layer reduced by scattering and low absorptivity of the polymer in this wavelength range. However, it seems that there is no obvious difference of EQE among AgNP-decorated samples in the wavelength region of 800 to 1,000 nm. This phenomenon might be closely related to check details the optical confinement effect in the long-wavelength region. It has been reported that a dielectric shell surrounding SiNWs significantly reinforced their optical confinement and caused their resonant wavelength to red shift [28, 29]. In our hybrid structure, the P3HT:PCBM layer surrounding SiNWs could also induce a similar optical confinement. This selleck screening library effect resulted in considerable improvement in light absorption of low-energy photons, which could diminish the difference

of reflectance among AgNP-decorated samples in the wavelength region of 800 to 1,000 nm. Figure 7 EQE spectra of SiNW/organic hybrid solar cell. The black square line, red dot line, and blue up-triangle line represent the EQE of SiNW arrays decorated with AgNPs with diameters of 19, 23, and 26 nm, respectively. The green down-triangle line represents the EQE of bare SiNW array without AgNPs. Although the efficiencies of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II our devices are much lower than those of commercial silicon solar cells, the results of our experiments proved good effects of AgNPs in the SiNW/organic hybrid solar cell very well. Several other methods may be used to increase the efficiency of this hybrid solar cell. For example, etching the silicon substrate with

an anodic aluminum oxide template could obtain a SiNW array with controlled size and GDC-0068 purchase excellent uniform distribution [30]. If we used a small-sized SiNW array to manufacture hybrid solar cells, the organic layer would become thinner, resulting in the improvement of carrier collection efficiency. On the other hand, a gas-phase polymerization method could be introduced in the polymer coating process to form a uniform thin layer on SiNWs, resulting in a core-shell-structured solar cell with lateral heterojunction [31]. Therefore, further efforts should be focused on these issues to improve the properties of SiNW/organic hybrid solar cells. Conclusions In summary, AgNP-decorated SiNWs were fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching and electroless deposition. AgNP-decorated SiNW/organic hybrid solar cells were also demonstrated, treating them as double-junction tandem solar cells.

J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:527–534.PubMedCrossRef

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