Comparing H. attenuata sensitivity

with existent toxicity data for aquatic organisms indicates that this species is poorly sensitive to tested insecticides and highly sensitive to the herbicide.”
“Objective: Previously, we observed an association between family history of type 1 diabetes and development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The aims of this study were to assess whether type 1 diabetes susceptibility gene variants explain this association and investigate the effect of the variants on insulin secretion and presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) in nondiabetic adults.\n\nDesign and methods: Polymorphisms in INS (rs689), PTPN22 (rs2476601), CTLA4 (rs3087243), and the HLA-DQA1-DQB1 regions (rs2187668 and rs7454108 tagging HLA-DQ2.5 CDK inhibitor and HLA-DQ8 respectively) were genotyped in the Botnia Prospective Study (n=2764), in which initially nondiabetic participants Ulixertinib were followed for a mean of 8.1 years.\n\nResults: The variants did not explain the association between family history of type 1 diabetes and development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In these nondiabetic adults, HLA-DQ and PTPN22 risk genotypes were associated with GADA

(HLA-DQ2.5/HLA-DQ8 or HLA-DQ8: OR (95% CI): 1.7 (1.3-2.3), P=0.0004; PTPN22 CT/TT: OR: 1.6 (1.2-2.2), P=0.003; P values were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and follow-up time). A higher genetic risk score was associated with lower insulin secretion (insulinogenic index: 13.27 (16.27) vs 12.69 (15.27) vs 10.98 (13.06), P=0.02) Selleck Fer-1 and better insulin sensitivity index (risk score of 0-1 vs 2-3 vs 4-6: 142 (111) vs 144 (118) vs 157 (127), P=0.01) at baseline and a poorer capacity to compensate for the increased insulin demand after follow-up.\n\nConclusions: In nondiabetic adults, HLA-DQ2.5/HLA-DQ8 and PTPN22 CT/TT genotypes were associated with GADA.”
“Objectives To investigate if exposure to adverse psychological job characteristics predicts incident use of antidepressants, taking into account differential

misclassification and residual confounding.\n\nMethods A prospective cohort study with a 3.5-year follow-up of 4661 Danish employees, aged 40 and 50 years, drawn from a 10% random sample of the Danish population was carried out. Job characteristics were the predictor variables and use of antidepressants was the outcome variable. Survey data on psychosocial work environment were linked with register data on dispensing of antidepressant medicine between June 2000 and December 2003. Respondents with major depression at baseline, with antidepressant use in the 5 years preceding baseline, or not employed at baseline were excluded.\n\nResults Among men, the OR for antidepressant use was significantly increased for high quantitative demands (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.48) and low social support from colleagues (OR 2.28, 95% 1.36 to 3.

Between 1988-1994 and 2005-2006 BMI increased by an average of 1.8 kg/m(2) and WC by 4.7 cm (adjusted for sex, age, race-ethnicity, and education). The increase in WC was more than could be attributed simply to increases in BMI. This independent increase in WC (of on average, 0.9 cm) was consistent across the different buy JPH203 BMI categories, sexes, education levels, and race-ethnicity groups. It occurred in younger but not older age groups. Overall in each BMI category, the prevalence of low-risk WC decreased and the prevalence of increased-risk or substantially

increased-risk WC increased. These results suggest that the adverse health consequences associated with obesity may be increasingly underestimated by trends selleck screening library in BMI alone. Since WC is closely linked

to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, it is important to know the prevailing trends in both of these parameters.”
“Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a devastating developmental and progressive peripheral neuropathy caused by a mutation in the gene inhibitor of kappa B kinase complex-associated protein (IKBKAP). To identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that cause FD, we generated mice in which Ikbkap expression is ablated in the peripheral nervous system and identify the steps in peripheral nervous system development that are Ikbkap-dependent. We show that Ikbkap is not required for trunk neural crest migration or pathfinding, nor for the formation of dorsal root or sympathetic ganglia, or the adrenal medulla. Instead, Ikbkap is essential for the second wave of neurogenesis during which the majority of tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA(+)) nociceptors

and thermoreceptors arise. In its absence, approximately half the normal complement of TrkA(+) neurons ICG-001 supplier are lost, which we show is partly due to p53-mediated premature differentiation and death of mitotically-active progenitors that express the paired-box gene Pax3 and give rise to the majority of TrkA(+) neurons. By the end of sensory development, the number of TrkC neurons is significantly increased, which may result from an increase in Runx3(+) cells. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that TrkA(+) (but not TrkC(+)) sensory and sympathetic neurons undergo exacerbated Caspase 3-mediated programmed cell death in the absence of Ikbkap and that this death is not due to a reduction in nerve growth factor synthesis. In summary, these data suggest that FD does not result from a failure in trunk neural crest migration, but rather from a critical function for Ikbkap in TrkA progenitors and TrkA(+) neurons.”
“Perchlorate is a widespread contaminant in aquatic environments. Despite this, the aquatic environmental fate of perchlorate released from fireworks displays is not well known.

“
“Tail tip removal is a common method for obtaining tissue samples for genetics and other studies on lizards. This study evaluates the effect of tail tip autotorny on microhabitat selection in the lacertid Podarcis bocagei. Different-length Selleckchem Screening Library tail fragments were experimentally removed from lizards of a small population. Forcing lizards to autotomise small tail tips (<1 cm) did not affect microhabitat selection. In contrast, a significant negative effect was observed in those lizards which underwent induced autotomy of the entire tail (> 5 cm). After autotomy these lizards were observed to favour more closed habitats, where predator avoidance is expected to be more efficient,

although of potentially lower thermal quality.”
“Background:Night-time blood pressure (BP) is strongly associated with hypertensive target organ damage; however, no previous studies have compared home BP monitor measurements of the reduction in night-time BP induced by antihypertensive medications with those obtained with Selleck Proteasome inhibitor ambulatory BP monitors.Methods:As part of the Japan Morning Surge-Target Organ Protection study, in which candesartan (thiazide diuretics were added, if needed) was administered to hypertensive patients in the morning or at bedtime, 50 hypertensive patients had their night-time home and ambulatory BP successfully measured at the baseline and 6 months. In addition,

three night-time home BP readings were taken during sleeping hours (at 2, 3, and 4 o’clock) for 6 months.Results:The

mean reduction Selleckchem Crenolanib in night-time BP did not differ significantly between home and ambulatory BP monitoring (10.417.9/6.0 +/- 12.0 vs. 13.3 +/- 14.6/7.6 +/- 8.9mmHg, P=0.219/0.344), but the differences varied among individual patients. The reduction in night-time BP according to home BP monitoring was significantly correlated with the value obtained with ambulatory BP monitoring (r=0.51/0.38, P smaller than 0.001/=0.006). The reduction in night-time SBP according to home BP monitoring was significantly correlated with the reductions in left ventricular mass index (r=0.385, P=0.013, N=41) and Sokolow-Lyon voltage (r=0.335, P=0.035, N=40).Conclusion:Home BP monitoring produces estimates of mean night-time BP reductions comparable to those from ambulatory monitoring, while the differences varied among individual patients. The reduction in night-time home BP according to home BP monitoring is significantly correlated with the reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy.”
“Ultrathin fims composed of titania nanosheets and Prussian Blue were prepared by using the modified Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The ultrathin films could be deposited in a layer-by-layer manner with lamellar structure. Upon band gap excitation of titania nanosheets, the generated electrons were injected into ferromagnetic Prussian Blue, resulting in reduction to paramagnetic Prussian White.

Plastic surgery is certainly not immune to this national tidal wave to revamp the health care system by embracing evidence-based medicine

in our practices. In scientific contributions of plastic surgery research, application of evidence-based principles should enhance the care of all patients by relying on science rather than opinions. In this article, the genesis of evidence-based medicine is discussed to guide plastic surgery in this new revolution in American medicine. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 123: 389, 2009.)”
“An anaerobic dynamic membrane digester (ADMD) was developed to digest waste sludge, and pyrosequencing was used to analyze the variations of the bacterial and archaeal communities during the start-up. Results showed that bacterial community richness decreased and then increased over time, while bacterial diversity remained almost the same during the start-up. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes

Selleck ON-01910 were the major phyla. At the class level, Betaproteobacteria was the most abundant at the end of start-up, followed by Sphingobacteria. In the archaeal community, richness and diversity peaked at the end of the start-up stage. Principle component and cluster analyses demonstrated that archaeal consortia experienced a distinct shift and became stable after day 38. Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales were the two predominant orders. Further investigations indicated that Methanolinea and Methanosaeta were responsible BEZ235 order for methane production in the ADMD system. Hydrogenotrophic pathways might prevail

over acetoclastic means for methanogenesis during the start-up, supported by specific methanogenic activity tests.”
“In the title compound, C(15)H(16)N(2)O(5)S(2), the dihedral between the two aromatic www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-06463922.html rings is 81.33 (6)degrees. In the crystal, pairs of N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers, which are further connected via N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds into a chain running along [101].”
“Eighty-five common winter wheat cultivars and lines mostly selected in Ukraine were studied with the use of the NIR method to determine the relative index of hardness and protein content. Actual data concerning hardness were compared with data obtained from previous genetic studies and published sources. A significantly varying hardness index for genotypes with the same alleles of the puroindoline genes confirms the presence of extra genes that have effect on this trait. DOI: 10.3103/S0095452712040056″
“The effect of Fe impurity on the dissociation and motion behavior of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) in 4H-SiC homoepitaxial layers was investigated by electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) and cathodoluminescence (CL) techniques. Under the electron-beam irradiation, the BPDs dissociated to C- and Si-core partials, and these two partials were connected by another partial termed as X in this study.

Based on size, the nodules had been grouped into less than 10mm (group A) and greater than 10 mm (group B). We evaluated conventional parameters and elasticity pattern. Color-scaled elastograms were graded as to stiffness of nodules using an elasticity pattern from

I (soft) to IV (stiff). Results: Degenerating cystic thyroid nodules were similar to PTCs in conventional ultrasonographic findings, but the former frequently showed oval to round in shape (group A, 69.2% vs 18.8%, P=0.017; group B, 66.7% Copanlisib research buy vs 7.14%, P=0.017) and punctuate hyperechoic foci (group A, 61.5% vs 0, P<0.001; group B, 50% vs 0, P<0.001). On real time ultrasound elastography, 7 of 13 degenerating cystic thyroid nodules in group A were pattern I, 5 were pattern II, 1 was pattern III. One degenerating cystic thyroid nodule in group B was pattern II, 5 were pattern III. The area under the curve for elastography was 0.98 in group A (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 100%, P = 0.002), and 0.88 in group B (sensitivity 16.7%, specificity 100%, P = 0.014). Conclusions: As a dependable imaging technique, elastography helps increase the performance in differential diagnosis

of degenerating cystic thyroid nodule and malignancy.”
“Background: Smell sense is impaired in classic Parkinson’s disease (PD). An initial study found no change in taste threshold in non-demented PD subjects and pathological studies Selleck Wnt inhibitor suggest that the first relay for taste, the nucleus of the solitary tract, is spared. We wished to determine if taste is abnormal in PD and whether it is associated with smell dysfunction.\n\nMethods: Taste threshold was estimated using the Rion electrogustometer and olfaction by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) in 75 non-demented PD patients and 74 controls.\n\nResults: There was a significant impairment of taste threshold and severe disorder of smell identification in the PD group.

Age, duration of symptoms, disability, and smoking had no important effect on threshold measurement and there was no correlation between taste and smell dysfunction. XMU-MP-1 purchase Sensitivity analysis suggested that a provisional diagnosis of PD would be confirmed if smell or taste were abnormal; conversely, the diagnosis would merit review if both modalities were normal.\n\nConclusions: Impaired taste appreciation was found in about 27% of patients with clinically defined PD. There were no important effects from age, disease severity or smell sense. Given the sparing of the first and second order taste neurones in PD, disorder of taste in PD most likely signifies involvement of the frontal operculum or orbitofrontal cortex, in keeping with advanced disease, although confounding by drug effects and changes in salivary constitution could not be excluded completely.

9 vs. 49.0 years; P = 0.28), and age at

surgical menopause was similar in the intensive versus conventional buy SBC-115076 groups (40.8 vs. 42.0 years; P = 0.31). In multivariable models, treatment group, HbA(1c), and microvascular complications were not associated with risk of natural or surgical menopause. Each 10 unit/day increase in insulin dosage decreased risk of natural menopause (hazard ratio [HR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.75-0.98) and each kg/m(2) increase in BMI increased risk of surgical menopause (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.16).CONCLUSIONSIn the DCCT/EDIC, intensive versus conventional treatment group and HbA(1c) level were not associated with menopause risk. Greater insulin dose was associated with lower menopause risk.”
“Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been shown to be a suitable source of haematopoietic stern cells (HSCs) for haematopoietic reconstitution. An increase in the number of UCB transplants indicates an expansion of utility in a broad spectrum of disease conditions. Along with the advantages, UCB also has limitations, and hence

several investigators are working to further optimize UCB for this use. Beyond haematopoietic transplantation, additional potential applications of UCB include immunotherapy, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. UCB banking has improved with time largely due to involvement of professional organizations and their published standards. However, accreditation of these organizations remains voluntary, and in India VX-680 three of ten banks are public with the remaining CAL-101 mouse being private. Only one public and one private bank are American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) accredited in India. Government agencies need to provide regulatory and safety oversight, which is lacking in serveral countries. Public policy regarding UCB is in its infancy throughout most of the world.

Ethical issues, including access to UCB banking and use as therapy for diseases other than haematological and metabolic disorders are in the early phase of trials and remain speculative.”
“Lysine-rich peptide, designated as KABT-AMP, was designed and synthesized to supersede the irrational use of chemical antibiotics as standard therapy. KABT-AMP is a 22-amino acid helical cationic peptide (+10) and amphipathic in nature. The antimicrobial kinetics of the peptide was ascertained in the representative strains of gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal strains, viz., Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940, Escherichia coli MTCC 2939, and Candida albicans MTCC 227, respectively. KABT-AMP was synthesized by solid-phase synthesis and purified using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography which resulted in > 95 % purity, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight revealed the mass of the peptide to be 2.8 kDa. KABT-AMP showed significant broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against the bacterial and fungal strains analyzed in the present study with survivability of 30.8, 30.6, and 31.7 % in E. coli, S. aureus, and C.

In a multivariate Cox regression analysis of all patients (n = 178), Eastern C:ooperative Oncology Group score (0 versus I versus 2; hazard ratio [HR], 2.9/3.9; P < .001), cytogenetics (good versus

intermediate versus poor; HR, 1.2/1.7; P = .026), and treatment (HCT versus AZA; HR, 0.3; P = .007) were associated with overall survival. This retrospective cohort analysis suggests a survival advantage for allogeneic HCT compared with AZA therapy in medically fit patients with high-risk MDS age 60-70 years. Prospective 3-Methyladenine research buy controlled studies are warranted. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 18: 1415-1421 (2012) (C) 2012 American Social), for Blood and Marrow Transplantation”
“Objective. To develop and implement a flexible-credit elective course to empower student pharmacists to develop lifelong leadership skills and provide teaching practice opportunities for graduate students. Design. An elective course focusing on leadership development

for second-and third-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students was designed and taught by 4 graduate students under the mentorship of 2 faculty members. Student pharmacists could enroll in a 1-, 2-, or 3-credit-hour version of the course. Assessment. Attainment of course objectives was measured using student pharmacist reflection papers and continuing professional development portfolios. Additionally, self-assessments of graduate students and faculty members Napabucasin ic50 delivering the course ZD1839 in vivo were conducted. In their responses on course evaluations, student pharmacists indicated they found the course a valuable learning experience. Graduate students found course development to be challenging but useful in developing faculty skills. Conclusion. This flexible-credit elective course taught by graduate students was an innovative way to offer formal leadership instruction using limited college resources.”
“This preliminary study evaluates a

combination of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 and non-vascularised autologous fibular grafting (AFG) for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. BMP-7/AFG combination was applied in seven pre-collapse femoral heads (five Steinberg stage II, two stage III) in six patients. Pre- and post-operative evaluation included clinical (Harris hip score (HHS), visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain) and radiological assessment (radiographs, quantitative CT) at a mean follow-up of 4 years (2 to 5.5). A marked improvement of function (mean HHS increase of 49.2) and decrease of pain level (mean VAS decrease of 5) as well as retention of the sphericity of the femoral head was noted in five hips at the latest follow-up, while signs of consolidation were apparent from the third post-operative month. One patient (two hips) required bilateral total hip replacement at one year post-operatively. In the series as a whole, quantitative-CT evaluation revealed similar densities between affected and normal bone.

Therefore, we hypothesized that acetylation and/or methylation of histone H3 may underlie sexual differentiation, at least in some regions of the brain. We measured levels of acetylated (H3K9/14Ac)

and trim-ethylated (H3K9Me3) H3 in whole neonatal mouse brains and in three regions: preoptic area + hypothalamus, amygdala and cortex + hippocampus (CTX/HIP). Sex differences in H3K9/14Ac and H3K9Me3 (males > females) were noted in ARS-1620 the CTX/HIP on embryonic day 18, the day of birth, and six days later. To determine if T mediates these changes in H3 modifications, pregnant dams received vehicle or T for the final four days of gestation; pup brains were collected at birth. Methylation of H3 was sexually dimorphic despite hormone treatment. In contrast, H3 acetylation in the CTX/HIP of females from T-treated dams rose to levels equivalent to males. Thus, H3 modifications are sexually dimorphic in the developing mouse CTX/HIP and acetylation, but not methylation, is masculinized in females by T in utero. This is the first demonstration that histone modification is associated with neural sexual differentiation.”
“Alkaline fuel cell membranes have the potential to reduce the cost and WH-4-023 solubility dmso weight of

current fuel cell technology, but they still have not been broadly commercialized due to poor hydroxide conductivities and mechanical properties, in addition to low chemical stability. One approach to address these mechanical and transport shortcomings is forming a morphologically bicontinuous network of an ion transporting phase and a hydrophobic phase to provide mechanical strength. In this report, membranes having bicontinuous morphologies are fabricated by cross-linking

cation-containing block copolymers with hydrophobic constituents. This is accomplished in a single step and does not require postpolymerization modification. The resulting materials conduct hydroxide ions very rapidly, as high as 120 mS cm(-1) in liquid water at 60 degrees C. The methodological changes required to obtain a bicontinuous CHIR98014 datasheet morphology from such strongly self-segregating block copolymers, relevant to other applications in which bicontinuous structures are desired, are also described.”
“The hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory effect using acute and chronic models of inflammation in rat. Wistar albino rats of either sex were employed in the present study (n = 6). Acute inflammation was induced by subplantar administration of carrageenan (1%) in rat hind paw. Chronic inflammation was induced by interscapular implantation of a sterile cotton pellet (50 mg). ZJ extract as test drug and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) as standard were used. Serum nitrite/nitrate was also estimated to determine the expression of nitric oxide. In the acute study, carrageenan (1%) administration caused marked paw edema.

Materials and Methods: We summarize PRO concepts, definitions, and broadly-accepted scientific standards for developing, assessing, and interpreting PROs. Three conceptual models are presented as examples for assessing PROs in relation to other outcomes. We discuss different perspectives for stakeholders, including regulatory issues pertaining to formal guidance for PRO development and for use in trials. We provide examples of PROs used in studies

for assessing health outcomes in oncology and resource-use outcomes in low back pain patients. SBE-β-CD solubility dmso Results: Psychometric scientists working closely with multi-disciplinary teams and regulatory authorities have greatly improved the science of collecting, assessing, and understanding patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials. A simplified framework is presented for strategic considerations for including PROs in studies, such as the appropriate timing for PRO endpoints. see more Asking patients about their health status and/or use of resources improves our understanding of how interventions and care processes may impact their lives and their budgets. We provide examples

from a back pain trial of patient-reported resource-use questionnaires for medicines taken and other services or products used by patients. Conclusions: Healthcare stakeholders are placing increased emphasis on resource use and the impact of interventions on patients, including effects associated with diagnostic tests. Patient-reported outcomes are being used in clinical practice and in clinical research, supported by formal best-practice guidelines. Radiology has a role as an engaged stakeholder in the design, conduct, and interpretation of patient-based evidence, and in its relevance DZNeP supplier to health policy implementation.”
“Background Four trials of interventions designed

to prevent early childhood caries are using community-engagement strategies to improve recruitment of low-income, racial/ethnic minority participants. The trials are being implemented by 3 centers funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research and known as the Early Childhood Caries Collaborating Centers (EC4): the Center for Native Oral Health Research at the University of Colorado, the Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health at the University of California San Francisco, and the Center for Research to Evaluate and Eliminate Dental Disparities at Boston University. Community Context The community contexts for the EC4 trials include urban public housing developments, Hispanic communities near the US-Mexican border, and rural American Indian reservations.

polygyrus bakeri-infected mice prevented colitis

when adoptively transferred into a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease, whereas Treg from uninfected mice could not provide protection. Only the transferred colonic Foxp3(+)/IL-10(-) T cells from H. polygyrus bakeri-infected mice readily accumulated in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes of recipient mice, and they reconstituted the Foxp3(+)/IL-10(-) and Foxp3(+)/IL-10(+) T cell subsets. However, transferred Foxp3(+)/IL-10(+) T cells disappeared. IL-10 expression by Foxp3(+) T cells was necessary for colitis prevention. Thus, H. polygyrus CA4P ic50 bakeri infection activates colonic Foxp3(+) T cells, making them highly regulatory. The Foxp3(+) T cells that fail to express IL-10 may be critical for populating the colon with the Foxp3(+)/IL-10(+) T cells, which are required to control colitis.”
“We introduce a new class of “maximization-expectation” (ME) algorithms where we maximize over hidden variables

but marginalize over random parameters. This reverses the roles of expectation and maximization in the classical expectation-maximization algorithm. In the context of clustering, we argue that these hard assignments open the door to very fast implementations based on data structures such as kd-trees and conga lines. The marginalization over parameters ensures that we retain the ability to infer model structure (i. e., number of clusters). As an important example, we discuss a top-down Bayesian k-means algorithm and a bottom-up agglomerative clustering GSK J4 in vitro algorithm. In Ganetespib experiments, we compare these algorithms against a number of alternative algorithms that have recently appeared in the literature.”
“The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been reported to be an effective non-invasive measure of central serotonergic neurotransmission. However, acute manipulations of the serotonergic system in humans and animals have yielded inconsistent findings.\n\nIn this study, we examined the chronic

effect of serotonergic manipulation using the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, sertraline, on the LDAEP. In addition, we examined the influence of 5-HTTLPR genotype and individual differences in plasma drug concentrations on the LDAEP.\n\nThe study utilised a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-group design in which 40 (24 female) healthy adults (M age = 22.0 years, SE = 0.7) were tested following placebo or sertraline for an average of 24 days. The LDAEP was assessed 6 h post-final dose, and changes in the slope of amplitude of the N1/P2 across intensities (60, 70, 80, 90, 100 dB) were examined at Cz.\n\nThe sertraline group had a significantly smaller LDAEP than the placebo group [F(1,38) = 5.97, p = 0.02]. Drug plasma levels did not correlate with the LDAEP in the sertraline group, and there was no influence of 5-HTTLPR genotype.