These results suggest that transient activation of the ventral tegmental area mesolimbic dopamine system

triggers the expression of anxiety and aversion during withdrawal from multiple classes of abused drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 2405-2415; doi:10.1038/npp.2012.97; published online 13 June 2012″
“The species B human adenoviruses (HAdVs) infect cells upon attaching to CD46 or desmoglein 2 (DSG-2) by one or several of their 12 fiber knob trimers (FKs). To test whether DSG-2 and CD46 simultaneously serve as virus receptors for adenovirus type 3 (Ad3), we performed individual and combined CD46/DSG-2 loss-of-function studies in human lung A549 and 16HBE14o cells. Our find more results suggest that in these cells, DSG-2 functions as a major attachment receptor for Ad3, whereas CD46 exerts a minor contribution to virus attachment and uptake in the range of similar to 10%. However, in other cells the role of CD46 may be more pronounced depending on, e.g., the expression levels of the receptors. To test if avidity allows Ad3/7 to use CD46 as a receptor, we performed gain-of-function studies. The cell surface levels of ectopically expressed CD46 in CHO see more or human M010119 melanoma cells lacking DSG-2 positively correlated with Ad3/7 infections, while Ad11/35 infections depended on CD46 but less on

CD46 levels. Antibody-cross-linked soluble CD46 blocked Ad3/7/11/35 infections, while soluble CD46 alone blocked Ad11/35 but not Ad3/7. Soluble Ad3/7-FKs poorly inhibited Ad3/7 infection of CHO-CD46 cells, illustrating that Ad3/7-FKs bind with low affinity to CD46. This was confirmed by Biacore studies. Ad3/7-FK binding to immobilized CD46 at low density was not detected, unlike that of Ad11/35-FK. PCI-32765 price At higher CD46 densities, however, Ad3/7-FK bound to CD46 with only 15-fold-higher dissociation constants than those of Ad11/35-FK. These data show that an avidity mechanism for Ad3/7 binding to CD46 leads to infection of CD46-positive cells.”
“In humans, mu opioid-cocaine combinations (speedballs) have been reported to heighten pleasurable effects and result in greater abuse potential compared to either drug individually. Emerging evidence in

animals suggests that the ability of mu opioids to enhance the reinforcing effects of cocaine might be independent of their mu intrinsic efficacy even though mu agonist efficacy appears to be a determinant in the reinforcing effects of mu opioids themselves.

This study examined the relationship between agonist efficacy, self-administration, and the enhancement of cocaine self-administration using the high-efficacy mu agonist etonitazene.

Rhesus monkeys self-administered cocaine, heroin, etonitazene, and opioid-cocaine combinations under a progressive-ratio schedule of intravenous drug injection.

Unlike cocaine and heroin, etonitazene did not maintain consistent self-administration at any dose tested (0.001-1.0 mu g/kg/injection). However, combining etonitazene (0.1-1.

A careful follow-up program should be considered in patients in whom these indices are unfavorable, because most of the endoleaks may be successfully and promptly treated by additional endovascular procedures.”
“Cutaneous thermosensation plays an important role in thermal regulation and detection of potentially

harmful thermal stimuli. Multiple classes of primary afferents are responsive to thermal stimuli. Afferent nerve fibers mediating the sensation of non-painful warmth or cold seem adapted to convey thermal information over a particular temperature IWP-2 range. In contrast, nociceptive afferents are often activated by both, painful cold and heat stimuli. The transduction mechanisms engaged by thermal stimuli have

only recently been discovered. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels that can be activated by temperatures over specific ranges potentially provide the molecular basis for thermosensation. However, non-TRP mechanisms are also likely to contribute to the transduction of thermal stimuli. This review summarizes findings regarding the transduction Ispinesib purchase proteins and the primary afferents activated by innocuous and noxious cold and heat. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved”
“Objective: This study was undertaken to determine hemodynamic and clinical outcomes of annuloplasty with a standard-sized (63 mm) posterior band in adult patients undergoing mitral valve repair for degenerative valve disease.

Methods: We studied 511 patients who underwent isolated mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with a 63-mm posterior band used for annuloplasty. Operations were performed between 1994 and 2001, and average follow-up was 4.8 +/- 3.1 years.

Echocardiographic data were reviewed, with specific focus on the relationship between patient size and residual mitral regurgitation and gradient.

Results: Selleck Daporinad Mean age at the time of operation was 59.3 +/- 13.5 years, and 72% were male. Body mass index was 25.8 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2), and body surface area was 1.97 +/- 0.24 m(2). Preoperative mean ejection fraction was 64% +/- 7%, and 96% of patients had severe mitral regurgitation on preoperative echocardiography. The 30-day mortality was 0.8%. At hospital discharge, the mean gradient was 4.7 +/- 3.1 mm Hg. Body surface area, body mass index, and weight were not associated with postoperative gradients or residual regurgitation at discharge. At last follow-up, 89% of patients had no or mild regurgitation, and the mean ejection fraction was 58% +/- 9%. At 5 years, survival was 95% and cumulative risk of reoperation was 3%.

Conclusion: A standard-sized (unmeasured) posterior annuloplasty band provided excellent intermediate results with good durability. There were neither excess gradients in larger patients nor excess regurgitation in smaller patients. Measured annuloplasty is unnecessary for most adults undergoing mitral valve repair.

Colorectal cancer diagnosed within 5 years after colonoscopy was more likely than cancer diagnosed after that period or without prior endoscopy to have CIMP and microsatellite instability.”
“A famous motivational model proposed for insect parasitoids by Waage (1979) provides a candidate mechanism for patch-leaving decision rules in foragers. In this model, the animal is supposed to enter a patch of resources with an initial tendency to stay in it, which then regularly decreases. Every encounter with a resource item increases or

decreases this tendency, and the forager is supposed to leave the patch when this tendency or motivation falls below a given threshold. Evidence of such increases and drops in this tendency to stay were often obtained by analyzing experimental data with

a Cox (1972) proportional buy Staurosporine hazards model. The Waage (1979) model is purely deterministic and predicts a fixed departure time for a fixed set of encounters with foraging items. On the other hand, empirical data show a large variability of departure times under fixed conditions. We present a fully stochastic version which overcomes this problem and gives a quasi close form expression for the distribution of patch residence times as well as a statistical procedure to estimate its parameters. Two examples of the model fitting on experimental data sets are provided. selleck chemical This novel model, although more complicated than Waage (1979) model, improves its realism and provides a stochastic interpretation of motivation as a proximal mechanism leading foragers to optimality. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Although many studies suggest that, on average, depression-specific psychotherapy and antidepressant pharmacotherapy are efficacious, we know relatively little about which patients are more likely to respond to one versus the other. We sought to determine whether measures of spectrum psychopathology are PF299804 molecular weight useful in deciding which patients with

unipolar depression should receive pharmacotherapy versus depression-specific psychotherapy.

Method. A total of 318 adult out-patients with major depression were randomly assigned to escitalopram pharmacotherapy or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) at academic medical centers at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Pisa, Italy. Our main focus was on predictors and moderators of time to remission on monotherapy at 12 weeks.

Results. Participants with higher scores on the need for medical reassurance factor of the Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum Self-Report (PAS-SR) had more rapid remission with IPT and those with lower scores on the psychomotor activation factor of the Mood Spectrum Self-Report (MOODS-SR) experienced more rapid remission with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) pharmacotherapy.

5 A, the length of hydrogen bond is about 3 A, the range of London-van der Waals force is about 5 A and the range of hydrophobic effect can reach to 12 A in protein molecule. Present work reports a study on the topological properties of the amino acid network constructed by different interactions above. The results indicate that the small-world property of amino acid network constructed by the peptide and hydrogen bond, London-van der Waals force and the hydrophobic effect is strong, very strong and relatively weak, respectively. Besides,

there exists a precise exponential relation Cock(-0.5) at R(c) = 12 angstrom. It means that the amino acid network constructed by the hydrophobic effect tend to be hierarchical. Functional modules could be the cause for hierarchical modularity architecture in protein structures. this website This study on amino acid interactive network for different interactions facilitates the identification of binding sites which is strongly linked with protein function, and furthermore provides reasonable understanding of the underlying laws of evolution in genomics and proteomics. Crown Copyright (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We have previously shown the visual form agnosic

patient D.F. has spared sensorimotor utilization of visual information relative to her poor perceptual processing of the same stimulus attributes. Her visuomotor skills are, however, only normal when egocentric visual coding can be used in the task. In other words, her egocentric sensorimotor processing is intact while her ‘allocentric’ coding of spatial position is impaired. selleck chemical The current investigation extends these previous observations by Comparing D.F.’s performance in bimanual pointing to pairs of stimuli directly (the egocentric task) versus pointing to the homologous positions on an adjacent workspace (pantomimed reaching, the allocentric task). The results showed greatly superior

pointing accuracy in direct pointing compared to pantomimed pointing. The mechanisms supporting her limited but remaining sensitivity to spatial relationships during pantomimed pointing remain unknown. These residual Akt inhibitor skills may reflect partially spared categorical coding and/or internal sensorimotor self-cueing. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The lateral leg spring model has been shown to accurately represent horizontal plane locomotion characteristics of sprawled posture insects such as the cockroach Blaberus discoidatis. While passively stable periodic gaits result from employing a constant leg touch-down angle for this model, utilizing a similar protocol for a point mass model of locomotion in three dimensions produces only unstable periodic gaits. In this work, we return to the horizontal plane model and develop a simple control law that prescribes variations in the leg touch-down angle in response to external perturbations.

75 mu g/5 mu l, i.c.v.) nor the anxiogenic drug pentylenetetrazol (15 mg/kg, i.p.) altered social preference, with OTR-A not affecting non-social anxiety on the elevated plus-maze. Overall, the data indicate that the basal activity of the endogenous brain OT system is sufficient to promote

natural occurring social preference Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor in rodents while synthetic OT shows potential to reverse stress-induced social avoidance and might thus be of use for treating social phobia and social dysfunction in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2159-2168; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.95;published online 15 June 2011″
“The principal defining feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is memory impairment. As the transcription factor CREB (cAMP/Ca2+ responsive element-binding protein) is critical for memory formation across species, we investigated the role of CREB in a mouse model of AD. We found that TgCRND8 mice exhibit a profound impairment in the ability to form a spatial memory, a process that critically relies on the dorsal hippocampus. Perhaps contributing to this memory deficit, we observed additional check details deficits in the dorsal hippocampus of TgCRND8 mice in terms of (1) biochemistry (decreased CREB activation in the CA1 region), (2) neuronal structure (decreased spine density and dendritic complexity of CA1

pyramidal neurons), and (3) neuronal network activity (decreased arc mRNA levels following behavioral training). Locally and acutely increasing

CREB function in the CA1 region of dorsal hippocampus of TgCRND8 mice was sufficient to restore function in each of these key domains (biochemistry, neuronal structure, network activity, and most importantly, memory formation). The rescue produced by increasing CREB was buy Crenolanib specific both anatomically and behaviorally and independent of plaque load or A beta levels. Interestingly, humans with AD show poor spatial memory/navigation and AD brains have disrupted (1) CREB activation, and (2) spine density and dendritic complexity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. These parallel findings not only confirm that TgCRND8 mice accurately model key aspects of human AD, but furthermore, suggest the intriguing possibility that targeting CREB may be a useful therapeutic strategy in treating humans with AD. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2169-2186; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.107; published online 6 July 2011″
“The neuroactive steroid hormone progesterone attenuates cocaine’s abuse-related effects in women and in rodents under some conditions, but the effects of testosterone are unknown. We compared the acute effects of progesterone (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg, intramuscularly (i.m.)), testosterone (0.001, 0.003, and 0.01 mg/kg, i.m.), and placebo on cocaine self-administration and cocaine discrimination dose-effect curves in female rhesus monkeys. Cocaine self-administration (0.03 mg/kg per inj.

An essential component of barrier mechanisms is the presence of tight junctions between the endothelial and epithelial cells of these interfaces. This review outlines historical evidence for the presence of effective barrier mechanisms in the embryo and newborn and provides an up to date description of recent morphological, biochemical

and molecular data for the functional effectiveness of these barriers. Intercellular tight junctions between cerebral endothelial cells and between choroid plexus epithelial cells are functionally effective as soon as they differentiate. Many of the influx and efflux mechanisms are not only present from early in development, but the genes for some are expressed at much higher levels in the embryo than in the adult and there is physiological evidence that these transport systems click here are functionally more active in the developing brain. This substantial body of evidence supporting the concept of well developed barrier mechanisms in the developing brain is contrasted with the widespread belief amongst neurotoxicologists that “”the”" blood-brain barrier is immature or even absent in the embryo and newborn. A proper understanding of the functional capacity of the barrier mechanisms PRT062607 molecular weight to restrict the entry of harmful substances or administered therapeutics into

the developing brain is critical. This knowledge would assist the clinical management of pregnant

mothers and newborn infants and development of protocols for evaluation of risks of drugs used in pregnancy and the neonatal period prior to their introduction into clinical practice. (c) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: selleck chemical Increased vascularization is considered an important contributing factor for plaque vulnerability. Microvascular proliferative disease in patients with diabetes results in renal damage and visual loss. We assessed the hypothesis that vascularization in carotid atherosclerotic tissue is increased in diabetic patients, especially in the critical shoulder regions of the plaque.

Methods: Carotid endarterectomy specimens, clinical data, and blood samples were collected from patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (median 85 days after clinical event) and pharmacologic treatment for diabetes (n = 26) or no diabetes (n = 85). Plaques were fixed in formalin and transverse tissue sections prepared. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed for detection of endothelial cells (anti-CD34), macrophages (anti-CD68), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its receptor (VEGFR-2). Neovascularization was assessed as CD34(+) neovessel density in the entire section area and by the presence or absence of CD34(+) vessels in the shoulder and cap regions of the plaques.

Nine to 11 weeks after diabetes induction, tactile allodynia was observed in the streptozotocin-injected rats. On this condition, subcutaneous administration of PPG or HA reduced tactile allodynia in diabetic rats. Paradoxically, H2S levels were decreased Fedratinib cost in nerve sciatic, dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, but not paw nor blood plasma, during diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy development. Collectively, results suggest that H2S synthesized by CBS and CSE

participate in formalin-induced nociception in diabetic and non-diabetic rats, as well as; in tactile allodynia in streptozotocin-injected rats. In addition, data seems to indicate that diabetic rats are more sensible to H2S-induced hyperalgesia than normoglycemic rats. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid

nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) initiates apoptosis in diverse insects through events triggered by virus DNA (vDNA) replication. To define the proapoptotic pathway and its role in antivirus defense, we investigated the link between the host’s DNA damage response (DDR) and apoptosis. We report here that AcMNPV elicits a DDR in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. Replication of vDNA activated DDR kinases, as evidenced by ATM-driven phosphorylation of the Drosophila histone H2AX Acalabrutinib price homolog (H2Av), a critical regulator of the DDR. Ablation or inhibition of ATM repressed H2Av phosphorylation and blocked virus-induced apoptosis. The DDR kinase inhibitors caffeine and KU55933 also prevented virus-induced apoptosis in cells derived from the permissive AcMNPV host, Spodoptera frugiperda. This block occurred at a step upstream of virus-mediated

depletion of the cellular inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein, an event that initiates apoptosis in Spodoptera and Drosophila. Thus, the DDR is a conserved, proapoptotic response to baculovirus infection. DDR inhibition also repressed vDNA replication and reduced virus yields 100,000-fold, demonstrating that the DDR contributes to virus production, despite its recognized antivirus role. In contrast to virus-induced phosphorylation of Drosophila H2Av, AcMNPV blocked phosphorylation of the Spodoptera H2AX homolog (SfH2AX). Remarkably, JQ-EZ-05 chemical structure AcMNPV also suppressed SfH2AX phosphorylation following pharmacologically induced DNA damage. These findings indicate that AcMNPV alters canonical DDR signaling in permissive cells. We conclude that AcMNPV triggers a proapoptotic DDR that is subsequently modified, presumably to stimulate vDNA replication. Thus, manipulation of the DDR to facilitate multiplication is an evolutionarily conserved strategy among DNA viruses of insects and mammals.”
“In the adult rabbit and mouse retina, about 30% of the ON-OFF direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) are coupled via gap junctions.

Cognitive activity roots in perceptions. However, research on sensorial alterations in psychiatric conditions has mainly focused on visual or auditory processes and less on olfaction. Here, we examine data on olfactory deficits in psychiatric patients using a systematic review of recent publications. Schizophrenic patients are mainly characterized by no reliable change in odour sensitivity and by a deficit in odour identification, recognition and discrimination. Depressed patients principally exhibit a deficit in the hedonic aspects of this perception, even if, in some case, alterations in sensitivity or identification

are also found. Changes in odour perception are also found in dementia and in some neurodegenerative disease,

but in this case alterations concern PLX4720 all aspects of the sensorial experience (detection threshold, identification and recognition). Taken together, these data indicate that olfactory abnormalities might be a marker of psychiatric conditions, with a specific pattern for each disease. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the Lentipirus responsible for an immunodeficiency-like disease in domestic cats (Felis catus). FIV is divided into five phylogenetic subtypes (A, B, C, D, and E), based on genetic diversity. Knowledge of the geographical distribution of subtypes is relevant for understanding different disease progressions and for vaccine development. In this study, viral sequences of 26 GDC-973 infected cats from Rio de Janeiro, 8 undergoing treatment with zidovudine (AZT) for at least 5 years,

were successfully amplified from blood specimens. gag capsid (CA), no pol reverse transcriptase (RT), and env gp120 (V3-V4) regions were analyzed to determine subtypes and to evaluate potential mutations related to antiretroviral drug resistance among treated cats. Subtyping based on phylogenetic analysis was performed by the neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods. All of the sequences clustered with subtype B in the three regions, exhibiting low genetic variability. Additionally, we found evidence that the same virus is circulating in animals in close contact. The analysis of FIV RT sequences identified two new putative mutations related to drug resistance located in the RT “”finger”" domain, which has 60% identity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sequence. Amino acid change K—>R at codons 64 and 69 was found in 25% and 37.5% of the treated animals, respectively. These signatures were comparable to K65R and K70R thymidine-associated mutations found in the HIV-1 HXB2 counterpart. This finding strongly suggests a position correlation between the mutations found in FIV and the K65R and K70R substitutions from drug-resistant HIV-1 strains.

(J Vasc Surg 2009;49:582-8.)”
“Orbital and anterior visual pathway infection GSK3326595 and inflammation represent approximately 10-15% of all orbital pathology. Both conditions can occur separately but occasionally they can be observed simultaneously.

While the diagnosis of infection is usually straightforward, it is important to depict the lesions and to know the potential devastating complications. CT plays an important role in confirming the clinical suspicion of orbital infection.

The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of inflammation is more challenging. Differentiating

inflammation from lymphoproliferative diseases and tumours can be difficult.

MR imaging plays an important role but a dedicated orbital imaging protocol is mandatory.”
“Objectives. The frequency of late removal of endovascular abdominal aortic repair (EVAR) parallels the rise of endovascular aortic repair. Evaluation of outcomes for EVAR explants may identify risks for complications and alter clinical management.

Methods: A patient database was used to identify EVAR patients requiring explant >1 month after implant. A retrospective analysis was conducted of the type of graft,

duration of implant, reason for removal, operative technique, death, Ro 61-8048 cell line and length of stay.

Results. During 1999 through 2007, 1606 EVARs were performed, and 25 patients required explantation, with an additional 16 referred from other institutions (N = 41). The average age was 73 years (range, 50-87 years); 90% were men. Grafts were excised after a median of 33.3 months (range, 3-93 months). Explanted grafts included 16 AneuRx (40%), 7 Ancure (17%), 6 Excluder (15%), 4 Zenith (10%), 4 Talent (10%), 1 Cook Aortomonoiliac rupture graft, I Endologix, I Quantum LP, and I homemade tube graft. Overall hospital mortality was

19% and occurred after conversion for rupture in 4, and in infected graft, aortoenteric fistula, repair of new aneurysm of the visceral segment, and claudication due to graft stenosis in one patient each. Elective EVAR-related mortality was 3.3%. Mortality was higher in patients with rupture compared with nonrupture (4 of 6 vs 3 of 35, P <= .01). Thirty patients (73%) had check details one or more endoleaks (type 1, 16; 11, 9; 111, 9; endotension, 5). Migration (n = 10), rupture (n = 6), aortoenteric fistula (n = 3), infection (n = 1), limb thrombosis (n = 3), and claudication (n = 1) were also factors. Proximal aortic control was above the endograft (supravisceral, 23; suprarenal, 12; infrarenal, 6). Reconstruction was an aortoiliac repair in 63% and tube graft in 25%. Grafts with suprarenal fixation required longer proximal aortic clamp time of 43 minutes vs 28 minutes for infrarenal fixation. Complete graft removal was achieved in 85%. Proximal or distal portions of the endograft were incorporated into the repair in the remaining six.

The epithelial cells obtained from the ampulla and Acalabrutinib supplier isthmus of the oviduct were incubated at various temperatures (38.5, 39.5, 40.0, and 40.5 degrees C) for 24 h. In the ampulla, PGE(2)

concentration was higher at 40.5 degrees C than at 38.5 degrees C, while PGF(2 alpha) production was not affected by the temperatures in this range. The expressions of microsomal PGE synthase 1 (PTGES (mPGES1)), cytosolic PGES (PTGES3 (cPGES)), and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90AA1 (HSP90)) mRNAs and proteins were higher at 40.5 degrees C than at 38.5 degrees C in the ampullary epithelial cells. Seasonal changes in the expressions of PGES and HSP90AA1 mRNAs in oviductal tissues were also investigated. The expressions buy 4-Hydroxytamoxifen of PTGES3 and HSP90AA1 mRNAs were higher in the ampullary tissues in summer than in winter. In summary, elevated temperatures stimulated

PGE(2) production in the ampullary oviduct by increasing the expressions of PGESs and HSP90AA1, which can activate cPGES. The overall results suggest that HS upsets PG secretions and reduces oviductal smooth muscle motility, which in turn could decrease gamete/embryo transport through the oviduct.”
“Artificial insemination with frozen semen allows affordable, worldwide dissemination of gametes with superior genetics. Nevertheless, sperm are damaged by the cryopreservation process. Elucidating the molecular effects of cryopreservation on sperm could suggest methods for improving fertility offrozen/thawed semen. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of cryopreservation on the coating of sperm by binder of sperm (BSP) proteins in seminal plasma. BSP proteins are secreted by the seminal vesicles and coat the surface of sperm by partially intercalating into the outer leaflet of the sperm plasma membrane. The BSP proteins are known to play roles in the formation of the oviductal sperm storage reservoir and in sperm capacitation. We investigated the effects of cryopreservation on the sperm BSP protein coat

using Bovipure to separate live sperm from extended semen and Selleckchem PF-6463922 then assaying the amounts of BSP proteins on sperm using quantitative western blotting with custom-made antibodies against unique sequences of each BSP protein. Greater amounts of all three BSP proteins (BSP1, BSP3, and BSP5) were detected on frozen/thawedsperm than on fresh sperm. Furthermore, the reduction of BSP3 from 15 to 13 kDa in mass, which occurs during incubation of sperm under mild capacitating conditions, was enhanced by cryopreservation. We concluded that freezing alters the BSP protein coating on sperm, which could account in part for reduced fertility of cryopreserved semen samples.”
“Oviductal environment affects preparation of gametes for fertilization, fertilization itself, and subsequent embryonic development.