16 degrees C

(limits of agreement: -0.36 degrees C to 0.04 degrees C). The mean bias between the esophageal and tracheal temperatures was -0.22 degrees C (limits of agreement: -0.49 degrees C to 0.07 degrees C). Agreement between temperature probes investigated by the Bland-Altman method showed a mean bias of less than -1/4 degrees C, and time lags assessed graphically by hysteresis this website plots were negligible. No clinically relevant injury to the tracheal mucosa was detected.\n\nConclusion: Temperature monitoring at the cuff surface of an endotracheal tube is safe and provides accurate and reliable data in all phases of therapeutically induced mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. (Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1569-1573)”
“Acupuncture is often recommended for obstetrical and gynecological conditions but the evidence is confusing. We aim to summarize all recent systematic reviews in this area. Western and Asian electronic databases were searched for systematic

reviews of any type of acupuncture for any type of gynecological conditions. Our own files were hand-searched. Systematic reviews of any type of acupuncture for any type of gynecological conditions AZD8931 manufacturer were included. Non-systematic reviews and systematic reviews published before 2004 were excluded. No language restrictions were applied. Data were extracted according to predefined criteria and analysed narratively. Twenty-four systematic reviews were included. They relate to a wide range of gynecological conditions: hot flashes, conception, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, nausea/vomiting, breech presentation, back pain during pregnancy, and procedural pain. Nine systematic reviews arrived with clearly positive conclusions; however, there were many contradictions and caveats. The evidence for acupuncture as a treatment of obstetrical and gynecological conditions remains limited.”
“This study depicts how captive kea, New Zealand parrots, which are not known to use tools in the wild, employ a stick-tool to retrieve a food reward after receiving demonstration trials. Four out of six animals succeeded

in doing so despite physical (beak curvature) and ecological (no stick-like materials used during nest construction) constraints MK-0518 in vivo when handling elongated objects. We further demonstrate that the same animals can thereafter direct the functional end of a stick-tool into a desired direction, aiming at a positive option while avoiding a negative one.”
“Observation of growth, synthesis, dynamics, and electrochemical reactions in the liquid state is an important yet largely unstudied aspect of nanotechnology. The only techniques that can potentially provide the insights necessary to advance our understanding of these mechanisms is simultaneous atomic-scale imaging and quantitative chemical analysis (through spectroscopy) under environmental conditions in the transmission electron microscope.

Management practices such as selleck afforestation of bamboo in granodiorite

area and granodiorite powder amendment may further enhance phytolith C sequestration through bamboo plants.”
“In order to study the impacts of bioenergy crop expansions on stream health the adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to simulate three macroinvertebrate and one fish stream health measure. Macroinvertebrate measures considered were the Hil-senhoff Biotic Index (HBI), Family Index of Biological Integrity (Family IBI), and Number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (EPT taxa) and the fish measure used was the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI). Water quality and quantity variables obtained from a high-resolution biophysical model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) were considered as inputs to the stream health predictive models. In order to examine the potential impacts

of bioenergy crop expansions on stream health measures, 20 different rotations were examined in the Saginaw Bay basin. Overall, for the second-generation of biofuel crops, improvement in water quality was associated with less intensive agricultural activities, while traditional intensive row crops generated more pollution than Selleck Vorinostat current landuse conditions. Regarding the impacts of landuse changes on stream health measures, all three macroinvertebrate measures were negatively impacted under intensive row crops scenario while these measures were improved under perennial crops. However, for the fish measures, the expansion of native grass, switchgrass, and miscanthus resulted in negative impacts on IBI compared to first-generation learn more row crops. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives Increased time in which children spend watching television is a well-described contributor to paediatric obesity. This study investigated the frequency and type of food and beverage placement in children-specific television broadcasts and compared data from UK (UK) and Irish television stations. Design Content analysis, totalling 82.5 h, reflecting 5 weekdays

of children-specific television broadcasting on UK and Irish television channels was performed. To allow comparison between UK and Irish food and beverage cues, only broadcasts between 06.00 and 11.30 were analysed. Data were coded separately by two analysts and transferred to SPSS for analyses. Food and beverage cues were coded based on type of product, product placement, product use, motivation, outcome and characters involved. Results A total of 1155 food and beverage cues were recorded. Sweet snacks were the most frequent food cue (13.3%), followed by sweets/candy (11.4%). Tea/coffee was the most frequent beverage cue (13.5%), followed by sugar-sweetened beverages (13.0%). The outcome of the cue was positive in 32.6%, negative in 19.8%, and neutral in 47.5% of cases.

CT-1-CP, which contains 16 amino acids in sequence of the C-terminal of Cardiotrophin-1, was selected and synthesized, and then administered to Kunming mice (aged 5 weeks) by intraperitoneal injection (500 ng center dot g(-1)center dot day(-1)) (4 groups, n=10 and female: male=1:1

in each group) for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. The control group (n=10, female: male=1:1) was injected by physiological saline for 4 weeks. The epicardial monophasic action potential (MAP) was recorded by using a contact-type MAP electrode placed vertically on the left ventricular (LV) epicardium surface, and the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal in lead II was monitored synchronously. ECG intervals (RR, PR, QRS and QT) and the amplitude of MAP (Am), the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax), as well as action potential durations (APDs) at different repolarization levels (APD(30), APD(50), APD(70), and APD(90)) of MAP were determined C59 ic50 and analyzed in detail. There were no significant differences in RR and P intervals between CT-1-CP-treated groups and control group, but the PR segment and the QRS complex were greater in the former than in the latter (F=2.681 and 5.462 respectively, P smaller than 0.05). Though QT interval ZD1839 research buy and the corrected

QT interval (QTc) were shorter in CT-1-CP-treated groups than in control group, the QT dispersion (QT(d)) of them was greater in the latter than in the former (F=3.090, P smaller than 0.05) and increased with the time. The ECG monitoring synchronously with the MAP showed that the compression of MAP electrode on the left ventricular epicardium induced performance similar to myocardium ischemia. As compared with those before chest-opening, the PR segment and QT intervals remained basically unchanged in control group, but prolonged

significantly in all CT-1-CP-treated groups and the prolongation of QT intervals increased gradually along with the time of exposure to CT-1-CP. The QRS complex had no significant change in control group, one-week and three-week CT-1-CP-treated groups, but prolonged significantly in two-week and four-week check details CT-1-CP-treated groups. Interestingly, the QT(d) after chest-opening was significantly greater than that before chest-opening in control group (t=5.242, P smaller than 0.01), but decreased along with the time in CT-1-CP-treated groups. The mean MAP amplitude, Vmax and APD were greater in CT-1-CP-treated groups than those in control group, and became more obvious along with the time. The APD in four CT-1-CP-treat groups was prolonged mainly in middle to final repolarization phase. The difference among these groups became significant in middle phase (APD(50)) (F=6.076, P smaller than 0.01) and increased furthermore in late and final phases (APD(70): F=10.054; APD(90): F=18.691, P smaller than 0.01) along with the time of injection of CT-1-CP.

Acid hydrolysis (3 N HCl for 10 min at 100 degrees C) was used to liberate HT Givinostat concentration from the PPF. The properties of both sorption and desorption of the PPF were studied to enhance the purification of HT, up to 100%. The antioxidant activities of the PPF were evaluated in vitro using ferric reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging, showing activity but lower than HT and TROLOX. The inhibition of primary oxidation of PPF was similar to both HT and vitamin E. These antioxidant activities of the PPF were not a result of the presence of HT or similar phenols. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mutations in CAPN3 gene cause limb-girdle

muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) characterized by muscle wasting and progressive degeneration of scapular and pelvic musculature. Since CAPN3 knockout mice (C3KO) display features of muscle pathology similar to those features observed in the earliest-stage or preclinical LGMD2A patients, gene expression profiling analysis in C3KO mice was performed to gain insight into mechanisms of disease. Two different comparisons were carried out in order to determine, first, the differential gene expression between wild-type (WT) and C3KO soleus and, second, to identify the transcripts differentially expressed in aging muscles of WT and C3KO mice. The up/downregulation of two genes, important for normal

muscle function, was identified in C3KO mice: the Ky gene, encoding a protease implicated in muscle development, HKI-272 and Park2 gene encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase (parkin). The Ky gene was downregulated in C3KO muscles suggesting that Ky protease may play a complementary role in regulating muscle cytoskeleton homeostasis in response to changes in muscle activity. Park2 was upregulated

in the aged WT muscles but not in C3KO muscles. Taking into account the known functions of parkin E3 ligase, it is possible that it plays a role in ubiquitination and degradation of atrophy-specific and damaged proteins that are necessary to avoid cellular toxicity and a cellular stress response in aging muscles.”
“Femoral arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal communication between femoral artery and vein, which is frequently this website caused by an iatrogenic or traumatic event. Surgery and endovascular approach with coil and stent graft placement are the most frequent choices of treatment. Herein, we present 2 cases of iatrogenic superficial femoral AVF, which were treated with percutaneous balloon-assisted N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue (N-BCA). Both fistulae had a short tract, and 1 of the patients had previously undergone a failed coil embolization. The occlusions with N-BCA were achieved immediately, and both fistulae remained obliterated at 1 and 12 months of follow-up.”
“In Arabidopsis thaliana, active DNA demethylation is initiated by the DNA glycosylase REPRESSOR OF SILENCING1 (ROS1) and its paralogs DEMETER, DEMETER-LIKE2 (DML2), and DML3.

The coefficient of determination (R-2) for Logistic,

Brody, Gompertz and Richards models were found as CA4P mouse 0.96, 0.92, 0.96 and 0.98 for female calves and 0.94, 0.93, 0.95 and 0.97 for male calves, respectively. And mean squared errors (MSE) were found as 682.32, 703.51, 548.66 and 498.63 for females and 637.48, 688.32, 598.12 and 528.74 for male Anatolian buffaloes, respectively. As a result, the best fitted model based on MSE and R-2 criterias was Richards model. Also, the growth and development traits such as sexual maturity age, breeding age, appropriate slaughter age in male and female Anatolian buffalo calves can be estimated using the Richards model.”
“Five Babesia bovis recombinant proteins, including merozoite surface antigen 2c (BbMSA-2c), C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein 1 (BbRAP-1/CT),

truncated thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (BbTRAP-T), spherical body protein 1 (BbSBP-1), and spherical body protein 4 (BbSBP-4), were evaluated as diagnostic antigens to detect the infection in cattle. The recombinant proteins were highly antigenic when tested with experimentally B. bovis-infected bovine serum in Western blot analysis. Furthermore, five antisera that had been raised Selleck GSKJ4 against each of the recombinant proteins reacted specifically with the corresponding authentic protein, as determined in Western blot analysis. Next, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using these recombinant proteins were evaluated for diagnostic use, and the sensitivity and specificity of each protein were demonstrated with a series of serum samples from find more experimentally B. bovis-infected cattle. Furthermore, a total of 669 field serum samples collected from cattle in regions of B. bovis endemicity in seven

countries were tested with the ELISAs, and the results were compared to those of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), as a reference. Among five recombinant antigens, recombinant BbSBP-4 (rBbSBP-4) had the highest concordance rate (85.3%) and kappa value (0.705), indicating its reliability in the detection of specific antibodies to B. bovis in cattle, even in different geographical regions. Overall, we have successfully developed an ELISA based on rBbSBP-4 as a new serological antigen for a practical and sensitive test which will be applicable for epidemiologic survey and control programs in the future.”
“The Theory of Planned Behavior was used to determine if dietitians personal characteristics and beliefs about fresh vegetable food safety predict whether they currently teach, intend to teach, or neither currently teach nor intend to teach food safety information to their clients. Dietitians who participated in direct client education responded to this web-based survey (n = 327). The survey evaluated three independent belief variables: Subjective Norm, Attitudes, and Perceived Behavioral Control.

The Cobas Taqman may be more appropriate for detection of HBV DNA levels.”
“Bernese Mountain dogs (BMDs) are

prone to develop a familial glomerulonephropathy and a pathogenic role of Borrelia burgdorfen lato in this disease has been suspected Glomerular disease in many affected dogs is clinically inapparent and protemia found incidentally. In this study, urine protein excretion was evaluated in 122 clinically healthy BMDs and 55 controls The seroprevalence of B burgdorferi in BMDs was 57%, compared to 16% in controls There were no significant Adriamycin price differences in the Occurrence of positive dipstick results. microalbuminuria, urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio of abnormal urine protein pattern (determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate agarose gel electrophoresis) between BMDs and controls and BMDs with and without antibodies against B burgdorferi It was concluded that antibodies against B. burgdorferi are not associated with proteinuria as an early sign of renal disease in BMDs. (C) 2008 Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved”
“Group I mGluRs (metabotropic glutamate receptors), including mGluR1 and mGluR5, are GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors) and play important roles in physiology and pathology. Studies on their role in cerebral ischaemia have provided controversial results. In this study, we used a PT (photothrombosis)-induced ischaemia Panobinostat cell line model to investigate whether antagonists to the group I mGluRs may offer acute and long-term protective effects in adult mice. Our results demonstrated that administration with mGluR5 antagonist MPEP [2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine] or mGluR1 antagonist LY367385 by intraperitoneal injection Fludarabine mouse at 3 h after PT decreased

brain infarct volume evaluated one day after ischaemia. Additive effects on infarct volume were observed upon co-injection with MPEP and LY367385. These antagonists also significantly alleviated neurodegeneration and apoptosis in the penumbra. In addition, when evaluated 2 weeks after PT, they reduced infarct volume and tissue loss, attenuated glial scar formation, and inhibited cell proliferation in the penumbra. Importantly, co-injection with MPEP and LY367385 reduced the expression levels of calpain, a Ca2+-activated protease known to mediate ischaemia-induced neuronal death. Injection of calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor, could inhibit neuronal death and brain damage after PT but injection of calpeptin together with MPEP and LY367385 did not further improve the protective effects mediated by MPEP and LY367385. These results suggest that inhibition of group I mGluRs is sufficient to protect ischaemic damage through the calpain pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of group I mGluRs can mitigate PT-induced brain damage through attenuating the effects of calpain, and improve long-term histological outcomes.

The main outcome measure was the office BP change from baseline to the end of the 8-week period. BP was reduced in the treatment group (mean +/- s.e.) systolic -10.0 +/- 1.8 mm Hg and diastolic -3.6 +/- 1.3 mm Hg (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01), but not in the controls +1.6 +/- 2.1 and

-1.0 +/- 1.4 mm Hg P<0.4 and P > 0.4, respectively. Test for between group difference P < 0.0001 and P = 0.08. The subjects were highly compliant with the treatment, performing 75% of the requested exercise sessions. Greater BP reduction was observed with increased compliance with check details device usage (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001). It is concluded that self-treatment with device-guided breathing at home for 8 weeks by non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients was associated with a substantial reduction in office systolic BP.”
“Background and objective: Septic pulmonary embolism due to periodontal disease (SPE-PD) is rarely reported and little is known Savolitinib about its clinical features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological features, as well as outcome, in SPE-PD.\n\nMethods: Patients’ records were retrospectively reviewed and 12 patients with SPE-PD were identified (10 men, mean age 60.5 years). The patients’ demographic features, laboratory

data, physical and radiological findings, and clinical outcomes were evaluated.\n\nResults: All but one patient were smokers. Eight of the 12 patients had comorbidities including hypertension (58%) and/or diabetes

mellitus (17%). Prevalent symptoms were fever (67%) and chest pain (58%). Only two patients fulfilled the criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome; most of the subjects were not clinically severely ill. Blood cultures were negative in all cases. Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) showed multiple peripheral nodules in all 12 patients, wedge-shaped peripheral lesions abutting on the pleura in 10 (83%) and a feeding-vessel sign in 9 (75%). All patients recovered from their illness after antimicrobial therapy concomitant with tooth extraction or periodontal care. The median duration of antibiotic administration was 51 days.\n\nConclusions: Most patients with SPE-PD were not seriously find more ill. Contrast-enhanced chest CT appeared to be useful to diagnose SPE-PD.”
“Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality and improves symptoms in patients with systolic heart failure (HF) and ventricular dyssynchrony. This randomized, double-blind, controlled study evaluated whether optimizing the interventricular stimulating interval (V-V) to sequentially activate the ventricles is clinically better than simultaneous V-V stimulation during CRT.\n\nMethods Patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) III or IV HF, meeting both CRT and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator indications, randomly received either simultaneous CRT or CRT with optimized V-V settings for 6 months.

Real-time PCR analysis revealed that ABA content may be regulated by its biosynthesis (CsNCEDs), catabolism (CsCYP707A1) and reactivation genes (CsBGs) at the transcriptional level during cucumber fruit development and ripening, in response to ABA application, dehydration and pollination, among which CsNCED1, CsCYP707A1 and CsBG1 were highly expressed in pulp and may play more important roles in regulating ABA metabolism. (C) 2013 Elsevier

Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Seasonal variation of Dermatophagoides allergens and its influence in allergic respiratory airway diseases has not been investigated in www.selleckchem.com/HSP-90.html Andean cities. The objective of this study was to evaluate those parameters in a city located in the Andean mountains.\n\nMethods: Der p1 and Der f1 were measured in dust samples from mattresses in 13 houses in Quito (2800m above sea level). Samples were collected monthly from August 2004 to July 2005. Patients HSP990 manufacturer presenting to a local outpatient allergy clinic with asthma and rhinitis

and isolated allergy to Dermatophagoides were analysed to determine if a correlation existed between seasonal Der allergen levels and the number of patients presenting with allergies.\n\nResults: High levels of dust mites and humidity were observed throughout the year. The highest geometrical mean values of allergens were detected in April (Der p1, 10.15 mu g/g) and May (Der f1, 13.03 mu g/g), whilst

the lowest levels were detected in August (Der p1, 4.26 mu g/g), and September (Der f1, 1.4 mu g/g). Of the 361 patients examined, 182 were allergic to Dermatophagoides, (45.6% asthmatics, 97.8% rhinitics, and 43.4% with both diseases). Patient presentation spiked in August, and from February to May. However, there was not a significant correlation between mite allergen concentrations and humidity or the number of patients presenting with allergies.\n\nConclusions: Dust samples from mattresses in Quito revealed high concentrations of Der p1 and Der f1. We observed a trend towards increased presentation of asthmatic and rhinitic patients in the months with highest levels of allergens. (C) 2009 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose AZ 628 nmr We aimed to assess the impact of spin (ie, reporting to convince readers that the beneficial effect of the experimental treatment is greater than shown by the results) on the interpretation of results of abstracts of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the field of cancer. Methods We performed a two-arm, parallel-group RCT. We selected a sample of published RCTs with statistically nonsignificant primary outcome and with spin in the abstract conclusion. Two versions of these abstracts were used-the original with spin and a rewritten version without spin.

“
“The aim of our study was to analyze the effects of an antioxidant treatment on markers of oxidative and carbonyl stress in a rat model of obstructive sleep apnea.\n\nWistar rats were randomized into six groups-according to gender and intervention-sham, intermittent hypoxia, and intermittent hypoxia with treatment by vitamins C and E. Rats underwent tracheostomy. The tracheal URMC-099 mw cannula was closed for 12 s every minute for 1 h to simulate

obstructive sleep apnea-related intermittent hypoxia. In the treatment group, rats received vitamin C and E 24 h prior to surgery.\n\nThe intervention had a significant effect on advanced oxidation protein products (p = 0.008) and advanced glycation end products-specific fluorescence (p = 0.006) but no effect on malondialdehyde. Oxidation and glycation protein products were higher in intermittent hypoxia groups than in sham and in treated groups.\n\nAntioxidants alleviate oxidative and carbonyl stress in an experimental Epacadostat nmr model of obstructive sleep apnea. Future studies will show whether such treatment has any clinical value regarding cardiovascular complications of sleep apnea syndrome, preferably in patients with low compliance to continuous positive airway pressure.”
“Resource managers at Fort Benning, Georgia, must maintain environmental conditions necessary for

military training as well as promote longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) habitat. Understory vegetation controls the eventual species composition of these forests but is also sensitive to military activity. Past research from an observational study at this site suggests that impacts from military activity are best indicated by understory plant families and Raunkiaer life forms – specifically an increase in cryptophytes (plants with underground buds) and therophytes (annual plants). Our study Pevonedistat tests that conclusion experimentally using a tracked vehicle

to manipulate an oak-pine forest occurring on an upland-riparian gradient. In May 2003, a D7 bulldozer removed extant vegetation and surface soil organic matter along three treatment transects. Braun-Blanquet vegetation surveys were conducted within plots in mid and late summer during 2003 and 2004. The response of total understory cover, bare ground cover, litter cover, species richness, family richness, Fabaceae cover and life-form cover was analyzed using repeated measures analyses of variance. Total understory cover, bare ground cover, species richness, family richness and cryptophyte cover showed a significant treatment x time interaction reflecting the transient response of these metrics to this isolated disturbance as most metrics returned to control values within two growing seasons. Although therophyte cover did not display significant interactions in this experiment, the increase in cryptophyte cover supports the use of life forms as indicators of mechanized disturbance to understory structure.

Based on the literature reports from the past two decades, the current review provided an updated summary of the key factors in liposomal preparations for clinical usage and its impact on the alternation A-769662 molecular weight of pharmacokinetic and disposition behaviors of drugs encapsulated in the liposome formulations. Clinical applications of liposomal preparation in anti-tumor

agents, anti-infective agents as well as the macromolecules have been highlighted.”
“The matrix metalloproteinase enzyme MMP-13 plays a key role in the degradation of type II collagen in cartilage and bone in osteoarthritis (OA). An effective MMP-13 inhibitor would provide a disease modifying therapy for the treatment of arthritis, although this goal still continues to elude the pharmaceutical industry due to issues with safety. Our efforts have resulted in the discovery of a series of hydroxamic acid inhibitors of MMP-13 that do not significantly inhibit MMP-2 (gelatinase-1). MMP-2 has been implicated in the musculoskeletal side effects resulting from pan-MMP inhibition due to findings from spontaneously

occurring human MMP-2 deletions. Analysis of the SAR of hundreds of previously prepared hydroxamate based MMP inhibitors lead us to 2-naphthylsulfonamide substituted hydroxamates which exhibited modest selectivity for MMP-13 versus MMP-2. This Letter selleck chemicals describes the lead optimization of 1 and identification of inhibitors exhibiting >100-fold

selectivity for MMP-13 over MMP-2 (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Many Salmonella Typhimurium isolates produce type 1 fimbriae and exhibit fimbrial phase variation in vitro. Static broth culture favours the production of fimbriae, while solid agar medium inhibits the generation of these appendages. Little information is available regarding whether S. Typhimurium continues to produce type 1 fimbriae during in vivo growth. We used a type 1 fimbrial phase-variable strain S. Typhimurium LB5010 and its derivatives to infect SB203580 mw RAW 264.7 macrophages. Following entry into macrophages, S. Typhimurium LB5010 gradually decreased the transcript levels of fimbrial subunit gene fimA, positive regulatory gene fimZ, and global regulatory gene lrp. A similar decrease in transcript levels was detected by RT-PCR when the pH of static broth medium was shifted from pH 7 to a more acidic pH 4. A fimA-deleted strain continued to multiply within macrophages as did the parental strain. An lrp deletion strain was unimpaired for in vitro growth at pH 7 or pH 4, while a strain harboring an lip-containing plasmid exhibited impaired in vitro growth at pH 4. We propose that acidic medium, which resembles one aspect of the intracellular environment in a macrophage, inhibits type 1 fimbrial production by down-regulation of the expression of hp, fimZ and fimA.