Figure 19 Methods used to fabricate a flexible mold for R2R and R2P NIL compiled from various studies. Figure 20 Roller mold fabrication using imprint lithography technique by Hwang and the team [26] . Most of the other studies, however, use a simpler approach for AZD5363 fabrication of flexible molds for the R2R and R2P NIL processes, where a replica of a master mold is used as the flexible mold for the roller imprint process. In general, the desired structures are first patterned onto a silicon or quartz substrate using conventional nanolithography techniques

such as EBL and followed by the RIE process, similar to its P2P variant. The replication of the master mold can then be conducted using several methods. One of the common techniques involves deposition of an anti-stick layer onto the master mold, followed by a layer AZD6244 of metal such as check details nickel directly onto the master mold, where it will then be peeled off to be used as a flexible mold in the roller

nanoimprint process as observed in [32, 43, 46]. In some cases such as in [30], an imprint replica of the master mold is first obtained using nanoimprint lithography (step-and-repeat technique) onto a resist-coated wafer, where a nickel layer is then deposited onto the imprint and peeled off to be used as the flexible mold in the imprint process published in [42]. Alternatively, the imprint replica of the master mold may also be produced via the polymer cast molding technique using non-sticking polymers such as PDMS or ETFE to be used as the flexible soft mold for the imprint process as observed Tangeritin in the work of a few research groups [7, 15, 35]. It is highlighted in the work of Ye et al. [59] that polymer cast molds (typically made of PDMS) are usually more preferable in the UV-based roller imprinting process due to their advantages of being low cost, low surface energy (fewer sticking issues), chemically inert, elastic, and simpler to produce as compared to metal molds. One of the important challenges of producing roller molds is the surface planarity of the attached flexible mold

[51]. A similar uniformity is needed to achieve imprint rollers in order to prevent transmission of low-frequency and long-range surface waviness onto the replicated pattern. Conclusions Since its introduction back in 1995, the rapid development of the nanoimprint lithography process has resulted in a number of variants in the process, which can be categorized based on its two main operation features: resist curing and type of imprint contact. To date, in terms of resist curing, there are two fundamental types of processes: thermal NIL and ultraviolet (UV) NIL. As for the types of imprint contact, the process can be categorized into three common types: plate-to-plate (P2P) NIL, roll-to-plate (R2P) NIL, and roll-to-roll (R2R) NIL.

There were strong seasonal differences in wild herbivore densities between the reserve and the ranches during 1977–2010. Individual species responded differentially to pastoralism and protection. Three distinct patterns were apparent, all of which could be explained in terms of distinctions in body size and feeding guild and their consequences for nutritional quality and quantity of forage, predation risk and competition with livestock.

Small sized herbivores Small species that are constrained by food quality and predation tend to prefer short grass areas (Fryxell 1991; Illius and Gordon 1992) and were thus Buparlisib more abundant in the ranches than the reserve regardless of season or feeding guild as revealed by the significant differences between their densities in the reserve and the ranches during 1977–2010. Repeated livestock grazing in the same areas of the ranches probably increased the crude protein

production of grasses (Anderson et al. 2010; Augustine et al. 2010), enabling the small grazers to derive sufficient energy by selecting high-quality forage from the low-biomass areas (Fryxell et al. 2005). Reduced predation risk as a result of lower CB-5083 nmr vegetation cover on the ranches (Ogutu et al. 2005) is yet another advantage of concentrating in the short grass plains, since tall grasses conceal ambush predators and significantly increase their efficiency at catching prey animals (Hopcraft et al. 2005). The distribution patterns we observed for small herbivores are therefore concordant with the initial expectation that small herbivores (except eltoprazine warthog) should concentrate in areas of relatively fewer predators (safer) and shorter grasses maintained by heavy livestock grazing in the ranches. This outcome also concurs with findings of studies encompassing

a variety of spatial scales and species (Olff et al. 2002; Cromsigt and Olff 2006) besides reinforcing the notion that both predation and resource limitation act simultaneously in limiting herbivore populations (Sinclair et al. 2003). Medium sized herbivores The second pattern was expressed by species that moved between the ranches and the reserve seasonally, suggesting that they preferred either the reserve or the ranches PF-02341066 datasheet depending on season. Specifically, the medium-sized topi, wildebeest and zebra moved seasonally between the reserve and the ranches, thus supporting our second prediction. As a result, medium herbivores had higher densities in the ranches in the wet season but higher densities in the reserve in the dry season. This pattern suggests that medium herbivores tend to utilize the ranches when water and short, nutritious grasses, created and maintained by heavy livestock grazing (Rannestad et al. 2006), are widely available, enabling them to enhance their total protein consumption (McNaughton 1976).

1

± 4.1% and 40.2 ± 4.9%, respectively, in the IFN-α group (P = 0.0021). Figure 2 Overall Survival (A) and Progression-free Survival (B) for CML-CP Patients by Treatment Regimen. Imatinib Treatment Among the total 229 patients treated with imatinib, p38 MAPK phosphorylation 12 received the regimen for less than three months: five patients due to economic issues, five due to transplantation, and two due to adverse events. Among the total 217 evaluable patients, 114 received imatinib treatment as learn more Primary therapy and 103 had failed previous IFN-α treatment. The median time from diagnosis to imatinib treatment was 28 (4-65) months in the IFN-α failure group. Treatment efficacy (Table 3), OS and PFS (Figure 3) of imatinib were evaluated based on the stage of the disease. With the median treatment time of 18 months (range 4-61), the rates of CHR, MCyR, and CCyR were significantly higher in CP patients than those in AP and BC patients. Imatinib treatment as primary therapy was more efficient than those in patients who had failed IFN-α. Estimated three-year OS rate and PFS rate were 92.2 ± 3.4% and 85.8 ± 4.3%, respectively, in patients with CML-CP who received

imatinib as primary therapy; 81.3 ± 5.4% and 68.7 ± 6.3%, respectively, in CML-CP patients check details who had failed IFN-α; 46.8 ± 13.0% and 39.8 ± 13.2%, respectively, in AP patients and 19.6 ± 7.4% and 10.1 ± 6.5%, respectively, in BC patients (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively, for OS and PFS). Figure 3 Overall Survival (A) and Progression-free Survival (B) Among Patients Treated with Imatinib by Disease Stage. Table 3 Efficacy Evaluation of Imatinib in CML Patients by Disease Stage   CP AP BC P value   Primary n = 84(%) IFN Failure n = 70(%) n = 25(%) n = 38(%)   CHR 80(95.2) 62(88.6) 18(72.0) 18(47.4) <0.0001 MCyR 71(84.5) 45(64.3) 8(32.0) 7(18.4) <0.0001 CCyR 62(73.8) 37(52.9) 6(24.0) 4(10.5) <0.0001 Adverse Events The primary side effects reported with IFN-α (+Ara-C) 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl included fever and myalgia. A total of 25 patients (12.3%) withdrew due to grade 3 to 4 side effect. However, only two patients discontinued imatinib treatment due to

intolerance (depression of bone marrow and edema), both of whom were AP and BC patients. The most common non-hematologic adverse events reported with imatinib were moderate (grade 1 or 2) nausea and vomiting (58.3%), edema (68.9%), myalgia (30%), and rash (8.2%). Grade 3/4 hematologic depression of bone marrow was reported in 17.8% of the patients. Discussion The treatment of CML has undergone dramatic progress in recent years. Primary CML patients residing in Shanghai were reviewed retrospectively from 2001 to 2006, with the aim to improve the diagnosis and treatment for CML in Shanghai and to benefit the large number of patients afflicted. The number of new patients arising in Shanghai increased from 2001 to 2006. The demographic profile of CML patients in our population was similar to that described in other studies; CML mainly afflicted those 40-60 years old (47.

4i–j) by an average of 43 ± 13% (three independent experiments with three different donors). The proteome alterations were, however, less compared to those observed in Jurkat cells and fibroblasts. Only one protein, hsp60, was induced more than two-fold (Table 4). see more Discussion We used a highly sensitive method of measuring protein synthesis rates and protein amounts to investigate the potential effects of low-intensity mobile phone radiation exposure on cells. Our results show that the rate of protein synthesis in proliferating cells is increased by long-term (8 h) RF-EME, while no effect was detectable in quiescent white blood cells treated in the same

manner. Although Selleck Temsirolimus the observed changes reached no statistical significance at short exposure times, we observed some trends consistent with but also extend observations made by Nylund and Leszczynski (2004), who used the same exposure system, but only measured protein amounts (and not de novo synthesis). Usefully, our results appear to reconcile a number of conflicting previous findings. First, we found both RF-EME responsive and RF-EME-insensitive cells (compare Tables 1, 2 with Table 3). The RF-EME insensitive quiescent WBCs (Table 3) were rendered sensitive to RF-EME by inflammatory activation (Fig. 4). Inflammatory activation of WBC induces T-cell proliferation and consequently

an increased rate of protein synthesis (Traxler et al. 2004). Thus, our data suggest LY2603618 nmr that proliferating cells with high protein synthesis rates are more sensitive to RF-EME than cells with lower protein production. Many studies have been performed with quiescent white blood cells, which were also insensitive under our experimental conditions. Second, the exposure time seems to be a critical factor. In our preliminary experiments, we did not observe significant effects with 2 and 4 h exposure times (data not shown). An 8-h exposure was required to obtain reproducible

and significant effects, a time much longer than the longest exposure time used in most other studies. Third, the determination of protein amounts by spot integration is not very precise. Silver staining in particular, does not produce reliable quantitative data (White et al. 2004). Standard deviations obtained with the much more accurate fluorescence Thiamet G detection methods are usually of the order of 25%. Consequently, subtle alterations may easily be missed due to limited sensitivity. Table 1 Jurkat cells: proteins displaying a specific up-regulation of 35S incorporation by real exposure Acc-no Protein name Abbreviations Increase factor ANOVA (P) P43686 26S protease regulatory subunit 6B TBP-7 2.6 <0.001 P11021 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein BiP 2.5 0.005 P13639 Elongation factor 2 EF-2 4.4 0.017 P10809 60-kDa heat-shock protein, mitochondrial hsp60 1.4 >0.05 P08107 Heat-shock 70-kDa protein 1 hsp70 2.4 0.004 P43932 Heat-shock 70-kDa protein 4 hsp70/4 4.0 <0.001 P08238 Heat-shock protein 90 hsp90 2.4 <0.

Thus, our results suggest that MUC5AC positive Quisinostat solubility dmso pancreatic cancer cells might be activated the

invasive potential via VEGFR-1 signaling pathway in an autocrine manner. To clarify effect of MUC5AC on tumor, we tried to test it using mouse model in vivo, because our in vitro study has the limitation with regard to true tumor microenvironment. However, we found no subcutaneous tumorigenesis, intraperitoneal metastasis or hepatic metastasis after inoculation of MUC5AC suppressed cells. Several studies have reported that VEGF is believed to be essential for growth and metastasis of solid malignancies in vivo [27, 33, 34]. Fukusawa et al previously reported that pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis in vivo were significantly suppressed by a soluble VEGFR chimer which binds VEGF-A with high affinity [35]. Although we showed no direct evidence that MUC5AC was associated with tumorigenesis of pancreatic tumor, it was likely that inhibition of MUC5AC might reduce VEGF production by tumor in vivo. For future study, it should be necessary to investigate the mechanism for association of MUC5AC with tumorigenesis in vivo. Conclusions buy ACY-738 The present work is the first demonstration of an association of

MUC5AC with pancreatic cancer cell invasion. MUC5AC might contribute to the progression of pancreatic cancer by inducing adhesiveness and invasiveness in ECM via VEGF overexpression, indicating that MUC5AC may be a potentially target in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. References 1. Bardeesy N, DePinho RA: Pancreatic cancer biology and genetics. Nature buy MK-8931 reviews 2002,2(12):897–909.PubMedCrossRef 2. Grzesiak JJ, Ho JC, Moossa AR, Bouvet M: The integrin-extracellular matrix axis

in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2007,35(4):293–301.PubMedCrossRef 3. Ellenrieder V, Adler G, Gress TM: Invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Ann Oncol 1999,10(Suppl 4):46–50.PubMedCrossRef 4. Kim YS, Gum J Jr, Brockhausen I: Mucin glycoproteins in neoplasia. Glycoconjugate journal 1996,13(5):693–707.PubMedCrossRef 5. Hollingsworth Decitabine manufacturer MA, Swanson BJ: Mucins in cancer: protection and control of the cell surface. Nature reviews 2004,4(1):45–60.PubMedCrossRef 6. Kanno A, Satoh K, Kimura K, Hirota M, Umino J, Masamune A, Satoh A, Asakura T, Egawa S, Sunamura M, et al.: The expression of MUC4 and MUC5AC is related to the biologic malignancy of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreas 2006,33(4):391–396.PubMedCrossRef 7. Kim GE, Bae HI, Park HU, Kuan SF, Crawley SC, Ho JJ, Kim YS: Aberrant expression of MUC5AC and MUC6 gastric mucins and sialyl Tn antigen in intraepithelial neoplasms of the pancreas. Gastroenterology 2002,123(4):1052–1060.PubMedCrossRef 8. Takikita M, Altekruse S, Lynch CF, Goodman MT, Hernandez BY, Green M, Cozen W, Cockburn M, Sibug Saber M, Topor M, et al.: Associations between selected biomarkers and prognosis in a population-based pancreatic cancer tissue microarray. Cancer Res 2009,69(7):2950–2955.PubMedCrossRef 9.

Geographic locations are similar for studies. Employment type was similar

between {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| studies reporting an effect and those who did not. Average sample sizes were found to be similar. There are differences in the average baseline response with an average of 67 % for studies reporting no effect compared to 44 % for those reporting an effect but average attrition rates are similar. All studies employed multivariable analysis. The average follow-up time was 2.3 years (3 months LBH589 clinical trial to 6 years) for studies reporting no effect compared to 6 years (2–10 years) for studies that do report an effect. Employment social support and recovery from back pain In total, 13 studies report 19 findings on the association between work support and return to work (RTW) for those with back pain. Overall, 11 findings report no association, 7 findings report associations whereby lower levels of work support delay RTW or recovery status and 1 study reports a weak reverse effect (Table 1). Of the findings of effect supporting an association between low work support and delays in RTW, 4 were judged as weak, 1 as moderate and 2 of strong effect. Co-worker support (CWS) In mTOR inhibitor total, 4 studies report effects, 2 finding an association that lower levels of CWS delay RTW status (Mielenz

et al. 2008; van den Heuvel et al. 2004), 1 reporting a reverse effect (Schultz et al. 2004) and 1 reporting no association (Helmhout et al. 2010). All studies were judged to have used an adequate measure Protirelin of CWS. The assessment of LBP varied between studies: the study finding no association (Helmhout et al. 2010) using recurring LBP in the previous 4 weeks, the study reporting a reverse effect (Schultz et al.) measuring pain and disability in the previous 6 months, and the 2 studies reporting a positive association using biomechanical assessment (Mielenz et al. 2008) and presence of LBP in the previous 12 months (van den Heuvel et al. 2004). Geographic

locations were similar for all studies. The 2 studies that report an association drew their samples from general workers, whereas the study reporting no association used a military sample, and the study reporting a reverse effect recruited general workers on current compensation for their LBP. Average sample size was larger for the studies reporting an association (1,042 vs. 190), and they also report a greater average response rate (88 vs. 32 %). Average follow-up response rates were lower for the 2 studies reporting an association (69 %) compared to 85 % for the Schultz et al. (2004) study; Helmhout et al. (2010) failed to report on attrition. Multivariable statistical testing was used by studies reporting an association, the study who reported no association and the study who found a reverse effect both used univariable analysis.

The mutual behavior of strains is more or less similar on both substrates tested, rich (NAG) and minimal (MMA); the only expected

exception is the submissive role of F on MMA whose growth is dependent on the presence of helpers. It is conspicuous that the role of F is fully taken by its daughter morphotype M. As already mentioned above, the behavior of particular strains in liquid media provides no guide for predicting their behavior on solid substrates: the two kinds of media represent to a great extent alternative, and incompatible, strategies of growth. Why multicellular bacteria? If we take axenic bacterial 4EGI-1 purchase colonies as analogues of clonal body of multicellular eukaryots, two problems will come out immediately: the objective of building such a body, and the high plasticity of bacterial ontogenies. As far as we know, colonies of Serratia never produce reproductive organs: they can safeguard their propagation without any demanding, and coordinated, activity of colony building. Why, then, do they go into the trouble with elaborate microscopic filigree of terraces and scouts, and even macroscopic patterning and ornamentation? The answer may lie in physiological division of labor [4] and perhaps

even “histological” differences across the colony. Besides plastic responses, bacteria can – reversibly or irreversibly – diversify Dinaciclib concentration also genetically into Ilomastat price different morphotypes, depending on conditions like those mentioned above. In Paenibacillus repeated and heritable switches between different morphotypes are induced by the density of agar [43–45]. Genetic differentiation was also often described in suspension cultures. For example a clone of Pseudomoas aeruginosa differentiated quickly and apparently purposelessly into multiple genetic variants [46]. The authors ascribe the phenomenon MAPK inhibitor to an “insurance effect” preparing the lineage

to conditions that may set in the future. A similar effect in Serratia is believed to play a role in colonization of new niches [47]. Finally, a clonal population may break into different specialized clones evoked by metabolic demands [48, 49] or antibiotic pressure [50]. However, since our clones were genetically stable in respect to the observed characteristics, and since all morphogenetic variation was found to be fully reversible, we can exclude such genetic switches, as well participation of phages, plasmids, transposons or similar elements, in our model and ascribe all variations observed (like colony patterning, scouting, or response to neighbors and environmental cues) solely to phenotypic plasticity. Conclusions Multicellular bacterial models (colonies) match their eukaryotic counterparts (animals, plants, fungi) in areas of research classically focused only to eukaryotes: 1. Axenic (“germ-free”) and gnotobiotic settings are easy to establish, and interactions within the body, as well as between different bodies (of the same, or different lineages) can be studied to minute details.

cinerea, F. graminearum or R. solani. Similar results are reported previously in T. asperellum,

where deletion of TasHyd1 does not reduce in vitro mycoparasitic ability [28]. Hydrophobins are highly expressed proteins that may account for up to 10% of the total amount of secreted proteins [40, 41]. In C. rosea, deletion of both Hyd1 and Hyd3 results in a reduction of the total amount of secreted proteins. Despite this, no differences in pathogen biomass production in sterile filtered culture filtrates from single and double deletion strains are recorded. This may suggest that Hyd1 and Hyd3 do not exert Selleckchem Entospletinib a direct toxic effect on the fungal prey. The higher conidial germination rates (under certain conditions) and higher growth rates of Hyd1 and Hyd3 deletion strains may explain the reduced necrotic lesion

area, caused by B. cinerea, on A. thaliana leaves preinoculated with the mutant strains in comparison with WT preinoculated leaves. As a consequence, the C. rosea deletion strains may parasitize B. cinerea to a greater extent or simply outcompete it for space or nutrients. Hydrophobins in T. asperellum are reported to influence root surface attachment and intercellular root colonization [28]. Similarly, our results show that Hyd3 is needed for barley root colonization. Unexpectedly, deletion of Hyd1 in a ΔHyd3 background increases the root colonization ability. The exact mechanism responsible for this cannot be discerned based on the current data, but we may speculate that CHIR98014 solubility dmso it can be related to the lower conidial hydrophobicity or the lower protein secretion of the double deletion strain compared with the Hyd1 and Hyd3 single gene deletion strains. In the entomopathogenic Osimertinib mw fungus B. bassiana, reduced virulence is recorded for a Δhyd1 strain, while no effect is observed for a Δhyd2 strain. However, the effect of the Δhyd1Δhyd2 double deletion mutant on virulence is cumulative and lower than for the single Δhyd1 strain [10]. Conclusions

We identified three class II hydrophobin genes and characterized their function in the fungal biocontrol agent C. rosea. Our results showed a basal expression of all three hydrophobin genes during growth and development and under nutritional stress conditions, although Hyd1 was induced during conidiation. In addition, all three genes were upregulated during self-interaction compared to the interaction with fungal prey. Deletion of C. rosea Hyd1 and Hyd3 demonstrate the involvement of the corresponding proteins in controlling conidial germination under unfavourable conditions, and the additive contribution of Hyd1 and Hyd3 to conidial hydrophobicity. Hyd3 was further shown to influence the root colonization ability of C. rosea. Methods Fungal strains and culture Selleckchem Trichostatin A conditions C. rosea strain (WT) and mutants derived from it, B. cinerea strain B05.10, R. solani strain SA1 and F.

After having found pronounced SSF-induced upregulation of NPQ in mature leaves of Col-0, the accession for which limited HL acclimation of the photosynthetic capacity has been reported (Athanasiou et al. 2010), we asked whether this type of SN-38 research buy acclimatory response to SSF is common among different Arabidopsis accessions. Native habitats of Arabidopsis are Europe and Central Asia, but it

has been spread in many places across the latitudinal range between North Scandinavia and mountains of Tanzania and Kenya (Koornneef et al. 2004). A second series of experiments was conducted by monitoring SSF-induced responses of NPQ and leaf expansion in seven accessions from various geographic Selleck Lazertinib origins. Finally, biochemical traits

associated with tropical rainforest species in sunfleck environments (Logan et learn more al. 1997; Watling et al. 1997b; Adams et al. 1999) or Arabidopsis plants acclimated to constantly HL or photo-oxidative stress (Abarca et al. 2001; Ballottari et al. 2007; Kalituho et al. 2007) were ascertained by measuring photosynthetic pigment composition, the level of PsbS protein, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in three accessions showing contrasting responses of leaf expansion to sunflecks. The results show distinct effects of constant PAR, LSF, and however SSF on acclimation of Col-0 plants and highlight strong

photoprotective responses to SSF that are conserved in different Arabidopsis accessions. Materials and methods Plant materials and growth conditions Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. were sown in small germination trays (13 × 17 × 5 cm) containing soil (type VM; Balster Einheitserdewerk, Fröndenberg, Germany). In the first experiment of light regime comparison, germination trays with seeds of the common laboratory strain Col-0 were placed for 2 weeks under PAR of ca. 80 μmol photons m−2 s−1 provided by fluorescent lamps (Fluora L36 W/77; Osram, Munich, Germany) with a photoperiod of 12 h/12 h (day/night) and 23 °C/18 °C air temperature at constant 60 % relative air humidity. In the second experiment to compare accessions, six additional accessions were included along with Col-0: C24 (Coimbra, Portugal), Eri (Eringsboda, Sweden), Ler (erecta line isolated from the irradiated Laibach Landsberg population originating from Gorsow Wipolski, Poland), Kyo (Kyoto, Japan), An-1 (Antwerp, Belgium), and Cvi (Cape Verde Island). Seeds of these accessions were kindly provided by Maarten Koornneef (Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne). In the second experiment, seeds were stratified at 8 °C in the dark for 4 days before transferring to the condition described above.

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