LD50 for acute toxicity studies is 2707 +/- 12.6 mg/kg. Mean EC50 values for Aw. CMeOH on spontaneous and KCl-induced contractions are 3.41 +/- 0.18 (2.56-3.8, n=6) and 0.68 +/- 0.05 (0.6-0.85, n=6) mg/ml, respectively. Respective EC50 values for n-hexane fraction on spontaneous and KCl-induced contractions are 3.06 +/- 0.08 (2.8-3.3, n=6) and 1.68 +/- 0.8 (1.4-1.9, n=6) mg/ml, respectively. Corresponding EC50 (mg/ml) values for chlorofoimic, ICG-001 ethylacetate and aqueous fractions of Achillea wilhelmsii on spontaneous rabbits’ jejunum preparations are 4.8 +/- 0.2 (4.41-5.63, n=6), 5.07 +/- 0.15 (4.7-5.58, n=6) and 5.2 +/- 0.13 (4.91-5.64, n=4), respectively. Constructing calcium chloride
curves, in the presence of 0.1 mg/ml of Aw. CMeOH, mean EC50 value (log molar [Ca++]) is-1.98 +/- 0.03 (-1.89-2.05, n=6) vs. control EC50 (log molar [Ca++])-2.41 +/- 0.02 (-2.32-2.44, n=6). Mean EC50 value (log molar [Ca++]) for 0.3 mg/ml n-hexane fraction is-1.76 +/- 0.05 (-1.70 -1.93, n=6) vs. control EC50 (log molar [Ca++]) value-2.18 +/- 0.07 (-2.0-2.46, n=6). While in the presence of chloroformic fraction (3 mg/ml), mean EC50 (log molar selleck chemicals [Ca++]) value is -2.4 +/- 0.1 (-2.78-2.9, n=6) vs. control EC50 (log molar [Ca++]) value-2.70 +/- 0.05 (-2.5-2.8, n=6). Mean EC50 value (log molar [Ca++]) for ethyl acetate fraction (1 mg/ml) is-1.94 +/- 0.07 (-1.75-2.05, n=6) vs. control EC50 (log molar [Ca++]) value-2.69 +/- 0.04 (-2.57-2.79,
n=6). Mean EC50 (log molar [Ca++]) value for residual aqueous
fraction (3 mg/ml) is-1.8 +/- 0.3 (-1.71-1.84, n=6) vs. control EC50 (log molar [Ca++]) -2.6 +/- 0.04 (-2.59-2.76, n=6). Whereas, the verapamil (0.1 mu M) EC50 value (log molar [Ca++]) is-1.7 +/- 0.1 (-1.6-1.8, n=6) vs. control EC50 value (log molar [Ca++])-2.4 +/- 0.09 (-2.3-2.47, n=6). The present research work confirms that the see more intestinal relaxation effect of Achillea wilhelmsii is supporting its traditional use as antispasmodic. The plant species can be a source for calcium antagonist(s), which can preferably be isolated from n-hexane fraction.”
“Background and objective: Genetic background is thought to be one of the risk factors for development of COPD. Recently, it has been proposed that the innate immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of COPD. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)1 and NOD2 genes would be associated with the pathogenesis of COPD. In addition, the associations between these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes of COPD were analysed.
Methods: Japanese COPD patients (n = 228) and non-COPD smokers (n = 101) were recruited from the outpatient clinic at Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan. At entry into the study, a blood sample was taken and a pulmonary function test was performed.