As the drift velocity of electrons decreases and its difference from the electromagnetic wave phase velocity increases, the microwave frequency changes. The changed frequencies do not necessarily belong to and are not limited by the discrete spectrum of closed resonant ring waveguide structures. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3553839]“
“Red-stemmed plants are extremely common,

yet the functions of cauline anthocyanins are largely unknown. The possibility that photoabatement by anthocyanins in the periderm reduces the propensity for photoinhibition KPT-8602 in cortical chlorenchyma was tested for Cornus stolonifera. Anthocyanins were induced in green stems exposed to full sunlight. PSII quantum yields ((PSII)) and photochemical quenching coefficients were depressed less in red than in green

stems, both under a light ramp and after prolonged exposures to saturating white light. These differences were primarily attributable to the attenuation of PAR, especially green/yellow light, by anthocyanins. However, the red internodes also had less chlorophyll and higher carotenoid:chlorophyll ratios than the green, and when the anthocyanic periderm was removed, small differences in the (PSII) of selleck chemical the underlying chlorenchyma were retained. Thus, light screening by cauline anthocyanins is important, but is only part of a set of protective acclimations to high irradiance. Hourly measurements of (PSII) on established trees under natural daylight

indicated a possible advantage of red versus green stems under sub-saturating diffuse, but not direct sunlight. To judge the wider applicability of the hypothesis, responses to high light were compared find more for red and green stems across five further unrelated species. There was a strong, linear, interspecific correlation between photoprotective advantage and anthocyanin concentration differences among red and green internodes. The photoprotective effect appears to be a widespread phenomenon.”
“In clinical islet transplantation, because the long-term insulin-independence rate is still poor, a method for detailed analysis of the transplanted islets in the liver after transplantation is required. We have established a novel imaging technique suitable for analysis of transplanted islets in liver using an optical projection tomography ( OPT) method. A three-dimensional tomographic image of the transplanted islets in liver was reconstructed. The number of islets transplanted and the number of transplanted islets observed using OPT showed good correlation. The OPT method was used to compare the numbers of transplanted islets in mouse syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation models. Blood glucose concentrations of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice transplanted with syngeneic islets remained normoglycemic and the number of transplanted islets was largely preserved 11 days after transplantation.