Minor changes in early patterning events have been shown to underlie large-scale morphogenetic rearrangements of the body plan ( Carroll, 2008).

Consistently, relatively small variations in Shh and Wnt signaling pathways participated in the rapid evolution of the brain in fish populations located in distinct natural environments ( Menuet et al., 2007 and Sylvester et al., 2010). Our results open the intriguing possibility that similar mechanisms may have governed the evolution of brain connectivity, via local changes in the expression of highly conserved guidance cues. What may modulate Slit2 expression in distinct species? One possibility is that upstream transcriptional regulators of Fulvestrant in vivo Slit2 may be differentially expressed in mammals and reptiles/birds. A nonexclusive alternative is that Slit2 Perifosine cis-regulatory sequences may have undergone evolutionary changes, leading to species-specific variations in gene expression. It has been shown that modifications of cis-regulatory sequences constitute a powerful drive for the evolution of complex patterns by modulating

spatially and temporally the transcriptional regulation of conserved genetic cascades ( Carroll, 2008). Therefore, it will be of great interest to investigate whether similar mechanisms are involved in the species-specific expression of Slit2, and may thus have participated in the evolution of brain wiring. The telencephalon of vertebrates has undergone major changes that include a quantitative increase in both neurogenesis and cell migration, and which have led to the development of the six-layered neocortex of living mammals (Kriegstein et al., 2006). If the emergence of the neocortex is directly related to intrinsic changes in the dorsal telencephalon, it is also linked to global modifications of connectivity, such as

the appearance of a large internal capsule. Our study shows that small changes in neuronal cell migration at intermediate targets have been essential to create an opportunity for this axonal highway, acting in parallel with cortical evolution to promote the functional emergence of the mammalian neocortex. What may be the selective advantages of BCKDHA an internal trajectory of TAs? First, the internal path is associated with the formation of a large fan-shaped thalamic projection that radiates along the entire rostrocaudal axis as it enters the telencephalon. This feature is highly divergent from the reptilian TAs, which navigate as a compact axonal tract as they enter the subpallium. As such, the internal path may allow both the channeling of a large number of axons directly to the neocortex—creating an axonal highway—as well as the early “spreading” of thalamic projections and the entire covering of an expanding mammalian neocortex—creating a capsule versus a peduncle.