In 1978 Vaughan et al. described their preclinical and clinical experiences with the CO2 laser in the setting of laryngeal tumors.3,4 Primarily, the CO2 laser could be utilized either to debulk tumors, restore airway patency, or to treat smaller tumors with an oncologically sound resection. Patients were generally reported

to suffer little morbidity, allowing for short hospitalizations Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and adequate function with regard to swallowing and voice. Importantly, the authors described the ability to avoid a tracheostomy, which is associated with substantial morbidity and cost. Davis et al. and Lacourreye et al. also described utilization of the CO2 laser for the purpose of debulking in the 1980s.5,6 Specifically, they suggested that partial endoscopic excision of obstructing lesions (using single or Palbociclib cell line repeated treatments) can be an alternative to emergency tracheotomy or emergency laryngectomy whenever airway control can be initially ensured by endotracheal intubation. Since Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the 1970s, utilization of TLM has become an important tool in the management of laryngeal tumors,

and in certain centers it is considered one of the primary definitive treatment modalities for early-stage disease. TECHNIQUE/LIMITATIONS Although initially designed to be used Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the treatment of early laryngeal tumors in the 1970s, by the 1990s, TLM was being utilized for all tumor categories, primarily through the efforts

of Steiner and colleagues.7–9 A detailed technical description of TLM is beyond the scope of this review. Authors have described Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a wide variety of procedures using the CO2 laser system, ranging from partial supraglottectomies (removal of a portion or the entire epiglottis, arytenoids, ary-epiglottic folds) to partial glottectomies to near-total laryngectomy.10 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical A detailed description of cordectomy procedures was provided in 2000 by the European Laryngology Society; these range from type I subepithelial cordectomy to type V which represent extended cordectomies encompassing either supraglottic or subglottic structures.11,12 Irrespective of the extent of surgery, TLM is based upon a number of fundamental principles that diverge substantially from traditional oncological approaches (Figure 1). First, in contrast to traditional surgical resection with en bloc tumor removal, with TLM, large tumors Dichloromethane dehalogenase can be removed in a piecemeal fashion, usually as two specimens. The final tumor is then reassembled ex vivo for pathologic analysis of margins. Often, the epiglottis is bisected in the sagittal plane, with each hemi-larynx removed separately. In addition, since all margins are obtained using a CO2 laser, a pathologist trained in evaluating tissue removed via laser resection is required. As was demonstrated by Mannelli et al.