We next examined the mannan structure of CMWS and compared it to that of CAWS, because we have previously found that the mannan moiety might be responsible for these activities (9–15), and many reports have indicated that Candida cell wall mannan contributes to its antigenicity and pathogenicity (30). In addition, the structure of

mannan from Candida differs between species (21, 31–35) and can also be altered by environmental conditions such as growth temperature (18), pH (19), and osmotic pressure (20). As revealed by the reactivity of Candida serum factors (Table 3), CMWS reacted to antisera against α-mannan but not β-mannan. Moreover, NMR analysis of CMWS confirmed that CMWS contains only α-mannosyl, Atezolizumab datasheet and not β-mannosyl, residues. These serum reactivity and NMR data are similar to those of CAWS. These results strongly indicate that α-mannan, but not β-mannan, contributes to these pathogenic

effects of Maraviroc order CMWS. Numerous studies on the antigenicity and pathogenicity of fungal cell wall mannans, especially those from C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been reported. Kind et al. reported that the lethal toxicity and increased vascular permeability of some yeast mannans, including that of C. albicans, seem to depend on the 1,2-α-, 1,6-α-linkage in their main chain (30). Garner et al. reported that tumor necrosis factor-α is produced in vivo in response to mannan derived from C. albicans (36). These effects can be regulated by mannan ligands such as anti-mannan antibodies and corticosteroids. On the other hand, numerous studies have shown that 1,2-β-linked mannans, which are only expressed by pathogenic yeasts such as C. albicans, are vital for cell adhesion to host cells (27) and cytokine Fludarabine production from various cells (37). This specific glycan does not bind

to typical mannan receptors such as the macrophage mannose receptor or mannose-binding lectin. However, some studies have recently reported that galectin-3 is the receptor for 1,2-β-linked mannan (38), and may contribute to some biological effects of mannan (39). In our studies, CAWS, an extracellular polysaccharide fraction obtained from the culture supernatant of C. albicans, has been found to induce coronary arteritis and acute anaphylactoid shock (10–17). These biological effects depend on the pH of the culture process (15). CAWS synthesized in neutral pH conditions that result in the expression of 1,2-β-mannosyl residues produces significantly reduced acute anaphylactoid shock, coronary arteritis, and complement activation. This pattern was most definitely matched by the results of investigations of the activities of mannan from C. albicans cell wall (9). Our previous studies have clearly suggested that the β-mannosyl residue attached to nonreducing terminal α-mannosyl branched chains within an acid-stable region is very different in biologically active versus inactive mannan (9, 15).