Using immunohistochernistry, both receptor subtypes were identified in cortical neurons. After eMCAO, neuronal cell death was accompanied by reduced neuronal CB1 and CB2 receptor-linked immunofluorescence. In parallel, CBI receptor was found in activated microglia/macrophages 3 days post eMCAO and in astroglia cells at days 3 and 7. CB2 receptor labeling was identified in activated microglia/macrophages or astroglia 3 and 7 days post ischemia, respectively. In addition, immune competent CD45-positive cells check details were characterized
by pronounced CB2 receptor staining 3 and 7 days post eMCAO. KN38-72717, a potent and selective CBI and CB2 receptor agonist, revealed a significant, dose-dependent and long-lasting reduction of cortical lesion sizes due to eMCAO, when applied consecutively before, during and after eMCAO. In addition, severe motor deficits of animals suffering from eMCAO were significantly improved by KN38-7271. KN38-7271 remained effective, even if its application was delayed up to 6 h post eMCAO. Finally, we show that the endocannabinoid system assembles a comprehensive machinery to defend the brain against the devastating consequences of cerebral ischemia. In summary, this study underlines the therapeutic potential of CBI and/or CB2 receptor agonists against neurodegenerative diseases or injuries involving acute or chronic imbalances of cerebral
blood flow and energy consumption. (c) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier PD332991 Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Although an association between the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene
and personality traits had been previously investigated. results from previous studies were not conclusive. This may be due to the method of grouping used, which categorized the gene population into two groups based on the length of the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3. In the present study, we categorized 616 healthy Japanese subjects into more than two groups by further subdividing the DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphism, and compared Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores among Afatinib order the groups. A significant difference was found between the DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphism and novelty seeking (p = 0.016). The novelty-seeking scores in the subjects carrying the 5/5 genotype were significantly higher than in those carrying the 2/2 genotype (p = 0.002) or the 4/4 genotype (p = 0.005). However. when the conventional method of grouping was used (i.e., short alleles vs. long alleles), there were no significant associations between the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism and any TCI scores. Our results suggest that minor 5-repeat allele is associated with high novelty-seeking scores in healthy Japanese subjects. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“We have previously shown that ceftriaxone, beta-lactam antibiotic known to upregulate glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), reduced ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats.