This concept will offer novel perspectives in designing new pharmacological agents for therapeutic interventions in cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. “
“Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2012, 22:533–541 This review comes from a themed issue on Genetics of system biology Edited by James Briscoe and James Sharpe For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial Available online 4th January 2013 0959-437X/$ – see front matter, © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2012.10.005 The blastoderm TGF-beta assay embryo of Drosophila melanogaster

is one of the most thoroughly and intensively studied morphogenetic fields. In the blastoderm, most of the nuclei are arranged as a monolayer at the cortex (or periplasm) of the embryo. This stage starts 1 min after completion of the ninth cleavage division when the nuclei have arrived at the cortex, lasts approximately 1.5 hours until the onset of gastrulation, and includes cleavage cycles 10–14A ( Figure 1a) [ 1]. The VX-809 research buy basic body plan of Drosophila is determined during the blastoderm stage. Four systems of maternal protein gradients specify polarity along the main embryonic axes ( Figure 1b) [ 2, 3 and 4]. The anterior system, centered around the Bicoid (Bcd) gradient,

the posterior system, including the maternal Hunchback (Hb) gradient, and the terminal system, consisting of graded

signals of the Torso (Tor) MAP-kinase pathway, specify the antero-posterior (A–P) axis of the embryo. Graded nuclear localization of the Dorsal (Dl) morphogen specifies the dorso-ventral (D–V) axis. All of these maternal gradients act by regulating zygotic downstream gene expression ( Figure 1b). The A–P systems activate gap, pair-rule, and segment-polarity genes, which constitute the segmentation gene network, as well as homeotic genes that specify segment identity [ 5, 6 and 7]. The D–V system interacts with the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) morphogen, an ortholog of BMP signaling ligands, and activates targets that are involved in specification of the mesoderm, as well as the neural and dorsal ectoderm [ 8, 9 and 10]. All of these systems use graded signals to subdivide the embryo Vildagliptin into discrete territories along the main embryonic axes. This agrees with a classic paradigm of pattern formation first described by the French Flag model [11 and 12]. Since then, the blastoderm embryo has been used by many pioneering modeling studies, which have established that the situation is a lot more complex than initially thought. Complex regulatory interactions among target genes lead to a dynamic view of positional information, encoded by expression domain boundaries that change location over time [13 and 14].