SaPI transfer by transduction can even occur between representatives

of different species. The intra- and interspecies transfer was demonstrated for the SaPI-2 element which could be transferred into a variety of different recipients [22, 25, 26]. The identification of self-replicating {Selleck Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleck Anticancer Compound Library|Selleck Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleck Anticancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anticancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|buy Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library ic50|Anti-cancer Compound Library price|Anti-cancer Compound Library cost|Anti-cancer Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-cancer Compound Library purchase|Anti-cancer Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-cancer Compound Library research buy|Anti-cancer Compound Library order|Anti-cancer Compound Library mouse|Anti-cancer Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-cancer Compound Library mw|Anti-cancer Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-cancer Compound Library datasheet|Anti-cancer Compound Library supplier|Anti-cancer Compound Library in vitro|Anti-cancer Compound Library cell line|Anti-cancer Compound Library concentration|Anti-cancer Compound Library nmr|Anti-cancer Compound Library in vivo|Anti-cancer Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-cancer Compound Library cell assay|Anti-cancer Compound Library screening|Anti-cancer Compound Library high throughput|buy Anticancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library ic50|Anticancer Compound Library price|Anticancer Compound Library cost|Anticancer Compound Library solubility dmso|Anticancer Compound Library purchase|Anticancer Compound Library manufacturer|Anticancer Compound Library research buy|Anticancer Compound Library order|Anticancer Compound Library chemical structure|Anticancer Compound Library datasheet|Anticancer Compound Library supplier|Anticancer Compound Library in vitro|Anticancer Compound Library cell line|Anticancer Compound Library concentration|Anticancer Compound Library clinical trial|Anticancer Compound Library cell assay|Anticancer Compound Library screening|Anticancer Compound Library high throughput|Anti-cancer Compound high throughput screening| plasmid-like states of the excised SaPI element, however, is also reminiscent of plasmid-like ancestors [22]. Bacteriophage-mediated transfer is limited by the amount of DNA that can be packed into the phage capsid, but in some cases it can expand beyond 100 kb [27, 28]. As multiple island-like genomic regions in other bacteria exhibit features of degenerate prophages as well, there may be the possibility to mobilize these this website islands by other phages. The discovery of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and related genetic entities suggests another mechanism of PAI transfer [29–32]. With the help of excisionases and

integrases PAIs and related integrative mobilisable elements are able to site-specifically delete from or integrate into the chromosome. After deletion they are able to replicate and can also be transmitted into a new host by their own Etomoxir conjugative machinery. A variant of the “”high pathogenicity island”" (HPI) has been described in E. coli strain ECOR31 to contain a 35-kb sequence with striking homology to conjugative plasmids [33]. The identification of this ICE-EC1 carrying a functional transfer determinant suggests that conjugative transfer may have played a role in the spread of the HPI, and possibly also in the transmission of other PAIs. The spread of the non-selftransmissible but mobilisable antibiotic resistance gene cluster of the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) also supports the existence of a conjugal transfer mechanism for PAIs as well as interstrain PAI transfer observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus thermophilus [34–36]. Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) have Amylase been shown to mediate the horizontal transfer of such DNA elements in a broad range of bacteria [32, 37–40]. Alternatively, (co-)mobilisation of circular intermediates of islands and related genetic elements has been described [23,

41–44]. To study whether archetypal PAIs of E. coli which usually lack traits that enable their distribution such as origins of replication and tra genes could be generally (co-)mobilised by a helper plasmid, we investigated the transferability of PAI II536, the largest PAI (102.2 kb) of UPEC strain 536, into an E. coli K-12 recipient and back into a PAI II536-negative mutant of strain 536. Results Transfer of the entire PAI II536 from UPEC strain 536 into E. coli K-12 Altogether, 31 mating experiments were carried out at 20°C and 37°C. Plating of conjugation batches with E. coli strains 536-19/1mob (donor) and SY327λpir (recipient) resulted in high numbers of chloramphenicol (Cm) and nalidixic acid (Nal)-resistant colonies and 899 resulting haemolytic clones were further investigated.