REB and AAR acknowledge the fruitful discussions with VentBase 2012 workshop participants which helped inform this article. REB is supported by PhD scholarship funding from National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research and Victoria University of Wellington. “
“One of the most important instruments for in situ protection of natural resources and biodiversity has been the establishment of protected

areas ( Ortiz-Lozano et al., 2009a). These areas, under different categories of protection, are the basis for international efforts to counter the effects Endocrinology antagonist of human development on the environmental goods and services that they provide. Coral reefs are one of the marine ecosystems that have provided more goods and services to humans. With a total world area of approximately 527 000 km2 (Mora et al., 2006), coral reefs have been intimately linked to human development and have suffered its consequences (Fitzpatrick and Donaldson, 2007 and Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). That is why about 20% of the global area of these ecosystems is within a Marine Protected Area (MPA). However, the number of MPAs and its Alectinib molecular weight coverage can be misleading indicators of effective conservation of coral areas, since its establishment does not warrant the application of good management

measures and enforcement (Mora et al., 2006; Fraga and Jesús, 2008). Although MPAs are intended to limit human activities, coral reefs are vulnerable to threats from outside the boundaries of the protected area, such as turbidity and sedimentation (Orpin et al., 2004 and James et al., 2005), water pollution (Fabricius, 2005), and coastal development (Fichez et al., 2005; Mora et al., 2006; Ortiz-Lozano, 2012) (Gutiérrez-Ruiz et al., 2011 and Ortiz-Lozano, 2012). Also, life cycles and ethology of different reef species may exceed the geographical Tacrolimus (FK506) boundaries of protected areas (Palumbi, 2004) as well as internal ecological

processes dominated by the influence of the external areas (McClelland and Valiea, 1998 and Miller and Ayre, 2008), which increases the vulnerability of reefs to the effects of anthropogenic impacts. For these reasons, it is necessary to analyze MPAs, not only in terms of individual performance, but in relation to the major regions that integrate and represent a relevant role in its spatial and temporal permanence (Pressey, 1994, Hansen and Defries, 2007 and Ortiz-Lozano et al., 2009a). Ecological corridors (EC) are biological or physical strips connecting areas and allowing movement of species (Van der Windt and Swart, 2008). EC have become a concept for integrating, under a management perspective, areas that despite being geographically separated from each other, maintain a flow of species that generates connections between areas within it.