Changes in haemoglobin and packed-cell volume relative to initial baseline values were used to calculate PV changes during exercise [25]. Statistical analysis Data were assessed for normality of distribution and descriptive analysis was carried out to reveal the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was carried out using the 3-factor mixed-model ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by a simple Doramapimod chemical structure main effects analysis for significant 3-way interactions (i.e., pre vs. post supplementation at each time point and treatment), simple main effect analysis for 2-way interactions and post hoc analyses for any significant main effect detected within the model. In addition, paired

or 2-samplet-tests were used to examine the magnitude of change (Δ) that occurred from the pre- to post-supplementation trials between the experimental groups (Cr/Gly/Glu and Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala), when difference was detected using the simple main effect analysis. Independent sample t-tests were used to examine pre supplementation differences between the two treatments. ANCOVA was carried out in cases

where baseline differences were detected and pre supplementation values were used as covariates. All statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS for Windows version 17.0. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Participants (one and two participants in Cr/Gly/Glu and Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala groups respectively) in whom TBW gain was < 0.2 L were considered as ‘non-responders’ and excluded from statistical Selleckchem KPT-330 analysis. Results Body mass and total body water The physical characteristics of the groups were similar before supplementation (Figure 2). At baseline BM (P = 0.05) and TBW (P = 0.03) were significantly higher in the Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala than in the Cr/Gly/Glu group Phospholipase D1 (Table 1). Baseline BM and TBW values were therefore used as covariates when examining the difference between groups in TBW change induced by supplementation. Measurements of TBW by D2O ingestion, which reflects responses

to supplementation, identified that 3 participants (1 from Cr/Gly/Gly and 2 from Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala group) did not gain TBW. These participants were therefore excluded from statistical analysis. When analysis was carried out on responders, it was found that supplementation induced increase in TBW was significant in Cr/Gly/Gly and Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala groups (P = 0.03; Figure 2) and that increase in TBW was not AZD8186 price different between two groups (P = 0.86). Changes in TBW measured by D2O ingestion and BIA, were not significantly correlated (P = 0.40; r = 0.20). Change in BM after supplementation (P = 0.75) was not significant in any of the groups (Figure 2). Correlation between changes in BM and TBW was not significant (P = 0.06; r =0.40). Figure 2 Changes in Body Mass (BM) and Total Body Water (TBW) induced by supplementation in Cr/Gly/Glu (top) and Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala (bottom) groups.