Purpose: To investigate exogenous CHO oxidation from CHO provided in semisolid (GEL) or solution (DRINK) form during cycling. Methods: Eight well-trained cyclists (age = 34

+/- 7 yr, mass = 76 +/- 9 kg, (V)over dotO(2max) = 61 +/- 7 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) performed three exercise trials in random order. The trials check details consisted of cycling at 59% +/- 4% (V) over dotO(2max) for 180 min while receiving one of the following three treatments: GEL plus plain water, DRINK, or plain water. Both CHO treatments delivered GLU plus FRC in a ratio of 2: 1 at a rate of 1.8 g.min(-1) (108 g.h(-1)). Fluid intake was matched between treatments at 867 mL.h(-1). Results: Exogenous CHO oxidation from GEL and DRINK showed a similar time course, with peak exogenous CHO oxidation rates being reached at the end of the 180-min exercise. Peak exogenous CHO oxidation rates were not significantly different (P = 0.40) between GEL and DRINK (1.44 +/- 0.29 vs 1.42 +/- 0.23 g.min(-1), respectively). Furthermore, oxidation efficiency was not significantly different (P = 0.36) between GEL and DRINK (71% +/- 15% vs 69% +/- 13%, respectively). Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that a GLU + FRC mixture is oxidized to the same degree when administered as either semisolid GEL or liquid DRINK, leading to similarly learn more high peak oxidation rates and oxidation efficiencies.”
“The hen’s egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN) combines the use of the commonly accepted genetic endpoint “formation of micronuclei” with the well-characterized and complex model of the incubated hen’s egg, which enables BMS-777607 mw metabolic activation, elimination and excretion of xenobiotics-including those that are mutagens or promutagens. This assay procedure is in line with demands for animal protection. In three previous publications we presented

the scientific rationale and methodological aspects for this assay as well as results for some well-characterized mutagens and promutagens. Here we present the results of new experiments involving further genotoxic and non-genotoxic model substances. Making a comparison with published data we have to date not found any false negatives or false positives in the experiments presented here and in trials published before, thus demonstrating a promising predictivity of genotoxic effects with this assay.\n\nWe could confirm relevant genotoxicity for the following substances in the HET-MN: acetylamino-fluorene (2-AAF), acrylanWe (ACM), cytarabine (AraC, methotrexate (MTX), cadmium chloride (CD), dipotassium monochromate (DPC), and epirubicine (EPI). Negative results were obtained for azorubin (E122), orange G (OG) and starch (STRC).\n\nThe micronucleus frequencies (MNE II) of the concurrent negative controls were in agreement with the values of the historical negative control (0.87% +/- 0.87; average +/- s.d.). This value is based upon the scoring of 556,500 erythrocytes from 445 eggs. In historical positive controls the administration of 0.