Nanochannels with aspect ratio up to 172 and width down to 44 nm

Nanochannels with aspect ratio up to 172 and width down to 44 nm were successfully fabricated on a 4-inch Si wafer with width nonuniformity less than 13.6%. A microfluidic chip integrated with nanometer-sized filters was successfully fabricated by utilizing the present method for geometric-controllable nanoparticle packing. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3683164]“
“Objective: To compare the energy expenditure of increased lateral trunk lean walking a suggested method of reducing medial compartment knee joint load compared to normal

walking in a population of older adults with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Method: Participants completed two randomly-presented treadmill walking conditions: 15 mm of normal walking or walking with ten degrees of peak lateral trunk lean. Lateral trunk lean angle was displayed in front of the participant in real-time during treadmill conditions. BAY 80-6946 in vivo Energy expenditure (V02 and METs), heart rate (HR), peak lateral trunk lean angle, knee pain and perceived exertion were measured and differences between

conditions were compared using paired t-tests.

Results: Twelve participants (five males, mean (standard deviation (SD)) age 64.1 (9.4) years, body mass index (BMI) 28.3 (4.9) kg/m(2)) participated. All measures were significantly elevated in the lateral trunk lean condition (P < 0.008), except for knee pain (P = 0.22). Oxygen consumption (V02) was, on average 9.5% (95% Cl 4.2-14.7%) higher, selleck chemical and HR was on average 5.3 beats per minute (95% CI 1.7-9.0 bpm) higher during increased lateral trunk lean walking.

Conclusion: Increased lateral trunk lean walking on a treadmill resulted in significantly higher levels of GSK461364 inhibitor steady-state energy expenditure, HR, and perceived exertion, but no difference in knee pain. While increased lateral trunk lean has been shown to reduce biomechanical measures of joint loading relevant to OA progression, it should be prescribed with caution given the potential increase in energy expenditure experienced when

it is employed. (C) 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Understanding the relationship between the radii of the medial and lateral femoral condyles in varus and valgus knees is important for aligning the femoral component and for restoring kinematics in total knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the asymmetry between the radii of the medial and lateral femoral condyles in varus and valgus knees with osteoarthritis is small enough to be clinically unimportant.

Methods: A magnetic resonance imaging scan was obtained with use of a biplanar, rotational alignment protocol in a consecutive series of subjects with end-stage osteoarthritis prior to total knee arthroplasty.

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