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“Bayesian statistical modeling has several

benefits within an ecological context. In particular, when observed data are limited in sample size or representativeness, then the Bayesian framework provides a mechanism to combine observed data with other “prior” information. Prior information may be obtained from earlier studies, or in their absence, from expert knowledge. This use of the Bayesian framework reflects the scientific “learning cycle,” where prior or initial estimates are updated when new data become available. In this paper we outline a framework for statistical design of expert elicitation processes for quantifying such expert knowledge, in a form suitable for input as prior information into Bayesian models. We identify six key elements: determining Stattic cost the purpose and motivation for using prior information; specifying the relevant expert knowledge available;

formulating the statistical model; designing effective and efficient numerical encoding; managing uncertainty; and designing a practical elicitation protocol. We demonstrate this framework applies to a variety of situations, with two examples from the ecological literature and three from our experience. Analysis of these examples reveals several recurring important issues affecting practical design of elicitation in ecological problems.”
“Objective To determine if tobacco use increases Prexasertib the incidence of preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM) or alters perinatal outcomes after pPROM.\n\nStudy Design This is a secondary analysis of the databases of three completed Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development supported Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network studies. Self-reported tobacco exposure data was obtained. Its relationship with the incidence of pPROM and associated neonatal outcome measures were assessed.\n\nResults There was no difference in the incidence of pPROM when comparing nonsmokers to those

using tobacco. Although a trend was seen between the incidence of pPROM and the amount smoked, HDAC inhibitor this did not reach statistical significance. Among the patients with pPROM, the use of tobacco was not associated with an increase in perinatal morbidity.\n\nConclusion Our data do not support a significant relationship between tobacco use and pPROM.”
“Objectives. We sought to estimate the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among older American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adults nationally and the impact of sociodemographic factors, variations by geographic region, and access to services on vaccination coverage.\n\nMethods. We obtained our sample of 1981 AIAN and 179845 White respondents 65 years and older from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2003 to 2005.