(C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) presents clinically with varying degrees of resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. For decades, striatal-thalamo-cortical (STC) dysfunction has been implied in bradykinesia and rigidity, but does not explain resting tremor in PD. To understand the roles of cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) and STC circuits R406 in the pathophysiology of the heterogeneous clinical presentation of PD, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 17 right-handed PD patients [nine tremor predominant (PD(T)) and eight akinetic-rigidity
predominant (PD(AR))] and 14 right-handed controls while they performed internally-guided (IG) sequential finger tapping tasks. The percentage of voxels activated in regions constituting the STC and CTC [divided as cerebellar hemisphere-thalamo-cortical (C(H)TC) and vermis-thalamo-cortical
(C(V)TC)] circuits was calculated. Multivariate analysis of variance compared the activation patterns of these circuits between study groups. Compared to controls, both PD(AR) and PD(T) subjects displayed an overall increase in the percentage of voxels activated in both STC and CTC circuits. These increases reached statistical significance in contralateral STC and CTC circuits for PD(T) subjects, and in contralateral CTC pathways for PD(AR) subjects. Comparison of PD(AR) and PD(T) subjects revealed significant differences in ipsilateral STC (P=0.005) and CTC Selleckchem Prexasertib (P=0.043 for C(H)TC and P=0.003 for Rigosertib clinical trial C(V)TC) circuits. These data support the differential involvement of STC and CTC circuits in PD sub-types, and help explain the heterogeneous presentation of PD symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of integrating CTC circuits in understanding PD and other disorders of the basal ganglia. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A novel SYBR Green based real-time RT-PCR assay for
detection of genogroup III bovine noroviruses (BoNoV) was developed and the assay applied to 419 faecal samples from calves with and without diarrhoea. The samples were obtained from 190 Norwegian dairy and beef herds. BoNoV was detected in 49.6% of the samples from 61.1% of the herds indicating that BoNoV is ubiquitous in Norway. The overall prevalence was not significantly different in diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea samples.
Analyses of polymerase gene sequences revealed both genotype III/1 and III/2 with genotype III/2 (Newbury2-like) being the most prevalent. Detected capsid sequences were restricted to Newbury2-like and the chimeric Bo/Thirsk10/00/UK strain.
The RNA polymerase genotypes of the circulating BoNoVs in Norway were predicted by melting temperature analysis.