aestivum CBF genes (TaCBF15.2, TaCBFA19, TaCBFA2 and TaCBFD21) in crown tissue of two Bulgarian hexaploid winter wheat cultivars (Milena and Russalka) with distinct levels of low-temperature (LT) tolerance but same vernalization requirement, and the spring cultivar Chinese Spring. The transcription profiles of the selected TaCBF genes showed that they are induced by cold treatment at 2 degrees C. Analysis of transcript abundance revealed that the four TaCBF genes were expressed at higher levels in the frost tolerant Milena than in the susceptible Russalka. Largest differences (fivefold and

fourfold) in expression levels between both winter cultivars were observed Autophagy inhibitor in two of the analysed genes, TaCBF15.2 and TaCBFA19, respectively. The higher steady-state expression levels of TaCBF genes before the onset of the LT treatment in Milena, combined with stronger induction by cold treatment, suggest that

these molecular responses to LT are associated with superior FT development capacity. The results expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying LT acclimation in Bulgarian wheat and can be used for development of functional markers for improvement of FT wheat-breeding programmes.”
“PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of posterior corneal astigmatism on total corneal astigmatism in patients with 1.00 diopter (D) or more of corneal astigmatism. SETTING: Private practice, Bologna, Italy. DESIGN: Prospective case series. METHODS: Corneal astigmatism was measured check details using a Scheimpflug camera combined with a corneal topographer (Sirius). Keratometric astigmatism, anterior corneal astigmatism, posterior corneal astigmatism, and total corneal astigmatism were evaluated. Vector analysis was performed according to the N ae ser method. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven eyes were enrolled.

Keratometric astigmatism was with the rule (WTR), against the rule (ATR), and oblique in 84.0%, 11.5%, and 4.5% of eyes, respectively. Posterior corneal astigmatism exceeded Citarinostat datasheet 0.50 D and 1.00 D in 55.4% of eyes and 5.7% of eyes, respectively. The mean posterior corneal astigmatism was 0.54 D, inclined 91 degrees in relation to the steeper anterior corneal meridian. The steepest meridian was vertically aligned in 93.0% of cases. Compared with total corneal astigmatism, keratometric astigmatism overestimated WTR astigmatism by a mean of 0.22 D +/- 0.32 (SD), underestimated ATR astigmatism by 0.21 +/- 0.26 D, and overestimated oblique astigmatism by 0.13 +/- 0.37 D. In the whole sample, a difference in astigmatism magnitude of 0.50 D or more was detected between keratometric astigmatism and total corneal astigmatism in 16.6% of cases and the difference in the location of the steep meridian was greater than 10 degrees in 3.8% of cases. CONCLUSION: In patients who are candidates for surgical correction of astigmatism, measuring only the anterior corneal curvature can lead to inaccurate evaluation of the total corneal astigmatism.