005 μmol/ml on average. On the case of without HAp powder amino acids solution, the included

amino acids concentrations were increased, excepting CYS, MET, and TYR. On the other hand, the HAp powder only mixed in the citric acid buffer solution, there were few organic compounds detected. These results might be indicated that the amino acids compounds were generated by UV–Vis light energy and also HAp powder effects, but HAp powder itself had few ability to generate amino acids compounds. Kobayashi, K., and Ponnamperuma, C. (1985). Trace elements in chemical evolution. Origins of Life, 16:57–67. Fosbretabulin mouse Miyakawa, S. (2004). Origins of life and temperatures of the early earth, Viva Originor, 32:68–80. Schlesinger, G. and Miller S. L. (1983). Prebiotic synthesis in atmospheres containing CH4, CO, and CO2. Journal of Molecular click here Evolution, 19:383–390. E-mail: s.​kano@aist.​go.​jp Prebiotic Molecules Derived from Tholins Bishun N. Khare1,2,3, Christopher P. McKay1, ABT-263 purchase Dale P. Cruikshank1, Yasuhito Sekine4, Patrick Wilhite5, Tomoko

Ishihara1,2, Lauren Tracy2,5, Katherine Lanier2,5, Delphine Nna-Mvondo6 1Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute; 2Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center; 3Physics Department, San Jose State University; 4Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, University of Tokyo, 5–1–5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8561, Japan; 5Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California; 6Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)/CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain For

over three decades tholins have been synthesized previously in the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University and in recent years at NASA Ames Research Center from mixtures of the cosmically abundant gases CH4, C2H6, NH3, H2O, HCHO, N2, and H2S. The tholin synthesized by UV light or spark discharge on sequential and non-sequential pyrolysis GC–MS revealed hundreds of compounds and on hydrolysis produced Dimethyl sulfoxide a large number of amino acids including racemic protein amino acids. Optical constants have been measured of many tholins such as tholins produced from a condensed ice mixture of water and ethane at 77 K, poly HCN, tholin synthesized by sparking an equimolar mixture of CH4 and NH3 with 2.5% water vapor crudely simulating the lower clouds of Jupiter, and Titan tholin produced on electrical discharge through a mixture of 90% N2 and 10% CH4 simulating the upper atmosphere of Titan intercepted by magnetospheric charged particles of Saturn. Optical constants of Titan tholin for the first time are measured from soft x-rays to microwave frequencies (Khare et al., 1984) that on hydrolysis produced 16 protein amino acids, urea, and non-protein amino acids. The amino acids were racemic (Khare et al., 1986).