8) NF-κB suppression by TQ We assessed suppression CP673451 clinical trial of NF-κB by TQ using the light producing animal model (LPTA) NF-κB -RE-luc (Oslo) which is a transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter whose transcription is dependent on NF-κB [20]. The luminescence from luciferase can be detected real time using an buy OICR-9429 ultrasensitive camera IVIS 100 Imaging system (Caliper Life sciences, Hopkinton MA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are used to induce NF-κB activity. Initially 5-8 mice/group were injected with either

vehicle alone or TQ 5 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg subcutaneously and images obtained to detect any effect of TQ on NF-κB expression with 2.5 mg D-luciferin substrate administered 15 minutes prior to each imaging without prior induction with LPS. Two days later mice were injected with vehicle or 5 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg TQ

subcutaneously, followed 30 minutes later by injection of LPS (2.7 mg/kg i.p) with mice then imaged at 3 hrs and 24 hrs interval to assess NF-κB activity with 2.5 mg D-luciferin substrate administered 15 minutes check details prior to each imaging. The luminescence intensity was quantitated in regions of interest (ROI) using Living Image® 3.0 software (Caliper Life Sciences, Inc. Hopkinton, MA). Statistical analysis For the MTT assay factorial analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the effect of TQ, CDDP and control with the time. Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to determine statistical significance with P value < 0.05 considered significant. For the mouse xenograft studies and for NF-κB expression using the luciferase reporter mouse SAS® Proc MG-132 clinical trial Mixed was used and least squares means (LS-means) were estimated. The Bonferroni method was used for multiple comparisons adjustments on the differences of LS-means. Results 1) TQ inhibits proliferation alone and in combination with CDDP In the MTT assay TQ at 80 and 100 μM showed significant inhibition of cell proliferation most

noticeable at 24 hrs. The effect of TQ alone on cell proliferation waned with time with less activity observed at 48 and 72 hrs suggesting more frequent dosing of TQ may be required to demonstrate a sustained effect. CDDP alone at 24 hrs was not every active as compared to TQ but at 48 and 72 hrs showed significant inhibition of cell proliferation. The combined effect of TQ and CDDP on cell proliferation was most noticeable at 48 and 72 hrs with 89% inhibition of cell proliferation observed at 72 hrs (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3) Figure 1 The figure shows results of MTT assay for cell proliferation using NSCLC cell line NCI-H460 at 24, 48 and 72 hrs with control group representing 100% cell proliferation depicted by extreme left solid line. TQ alone is more active at 24 hrs and CDDP more active at 48 and 72 hrs.