Fenoxaprop-ethylethyl-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoate] (FE)

is a postemergence applied aryloxyphenoxy propionate (AOPP) herbicide used for the control of annual and perennial weeds in crops such as soybean, turf and wheat (Bieringer et al., 1982). FE is dangerous to aquatic environments and direct contamination of aquatic habitats has to be avoided (Asshauer et al., 1990). Microbial metabolism is the main mechanism responsible for degradation of FE in natural soil, although it also can be degraded through chemical and physical processes (Smith, 1985; Toole & Crosby, 1989; Smith & Aubin, 1990; Lin et al., 2008). Few microorganisms capable of degrading FE and Dasatinib mw other AOPP herbicides have been reported. A study of a mixed microbial consortium showed that FE can be utilised as sole carbon and nitrogen source. In such consortia, the use of FE http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LDE225(NVP-LDE225).html is accompanied by the production of fenoxaprop acid (FA) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB) as metabolites (Gennari et al., 1995). Another study showed that FE could be cometabolically transformed by Pseudomonas fluorescens and the metabolites FA,

CDHB and 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy) propionic acid (HPP) were identified under various nutrient regimes (Robert & Robert, 1998). Alcaligenes sp. strain H could use FE as sole carbon source for growth and produce at least five degradation products (Song et al., 2005b). Similar herbicide diclofop-methyl could be degraded by Chryseomonas luteola and Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and diclofop acid, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and phenol were detected in the growth medium (Smith-Grenier & Adkins, 1996a,b). Recently, Nie et al. (2011) isolated a cyhalofop-butyl degrading bacteria Sitaxentan P. azotoformans QDZ-1 and cloned the cyhalofop-butyl hydrolase gene from this strain, which could also hydrolysis FE to FA. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterisation

of an efficient FE-degrading bacterium Rhodococcus sp. T1. We also cloned and expressed a novel gene feh encoding FE hydrolase in Escherichia coli. FE (95.5% purity) was obtained from the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science. FA (96.7% purity), CDHB (99% purity) and HPP (98.5% purity) were purchased from Sigma, Tangyin Yali and Jiangsu Shanda Chemical Co. Ltd, respectively. All other chemicals used in this study were analytical grade or higher purity. Soil used for enrichment of FE-degrading bacteria was collected from a wheat field located in the city of Shangqiu, Henan province. The soil has been exposed to FE for several years. Two grams of soil were inoculated into an Erlenmeyer flask (250 mL) containing 100 mL minimal salts media (MSM, containing K2HPO4 1.5 g L−1, KH2PO4 0.5 g L−1, NH4NO3 1.0 g L−1, MgSO4·7H2O 0.10 g L−1, NaCl 1.0 g L−1, pH 7.0) supplemented with 25 mg L−1 FE as the sole carbon source.