This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_A060_5PR10) and a study visit (L.G.B.) funded by the UK Experimental Psychology Society. We thank the editors of this special issue and two anonymous reviewers for feedback on an earlier draft of this work. “
“Our brains are constantly bombarded with signals from different sensory modalities. Although vision is usually considered the dominant modality, other senses, particularly audition, interact closely with vision to create a coherent representation of our surroundings (Shimojo and Shams, 2001). Some atypical forms of cross–modal interactions, such as synaesthesia, result in percepts

that do not represent events in the external world. Synaesthesia is an unusual phenomenon in which stimulation in one sensory modality elicits additional anomalous experiences. These additional

Y-27632 research buy experiences can occur in the same modality (e.g., seeing colours when viewing achromatic letters: grapheme–colour synaesthesia) or in a different modality (e.g., seeing colours when listening to music: sound–colour synaesthesia). The prevalence of synaesthesia is relatively low, with estimates ranging from .5% (Baron-Cohen et al., 1996; Rich et al., 2005) to 5% (Simner et al., 2006) of the population. Synaesthesia selleck chemicals has drawn much scientific attention in recent years due both to the interest inherent in anomalous brain phenomena, and to the insights these phenomena can give into normal mechanisms of perception and cognition. There are two major hypotheses regarding the neural mechanisms that give rise to synaesthesia. The first view, generally termed the cross-activation hypothesis, suggests that excessive neural connections between adjacent cortical areas

underlie synaesthetic experiences. Originally, this view postulated that grapheme–colour synaesthesia occurs as a result of excessive neural connections between colour-selective area V4 and the posterior temporal grapheme area (Hubbard and Ramachandran, 2005). More recently, these authors further proposed that the parietal lobe mediates the binding of synaesthetic colour and visual word form, presumably again through excessive connections with the temporal lobe (Hubbard, 2007; Hubbard et al., 2011). The idea that synaesthesia involves an anomalous form of Edoxaban feature binding, which implicates the parietal lobe, has also been raised by others, although not necessarily specifying excessive connections (Esterman et al., 2006; Mattingley et al., 2001; Robertson, 2003). The second view, generally called the disinhibited-feedback hypothesis, suggests that synaesthesia results from a ‘malfunctioning’ mechanism that fails to inhibit the crosstalk between brain areas normally inhibited in non-synaesthetic brain. According to different versions of this view, the disinhibition may occur in the feedback from multi-modal regions (e.g.