Each run included a nontemplate and a gene-negative RNA controls. Adherence and invasion kinetics Bacterial adherence and invasion were investigated using human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o- cell line) as described [14], except that monolayers were prepared using Dulbecco´s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Low Glucose 1X; Gibco, Invitrogen, Grand Island, USA) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco, Invitrogen). For determining the colony forming units (CFU) of the total adhered selleck compound and invasive bacteria (CFUAI), infected

monolayers were washed twice in DMEM (to remove non-adherent bacteria), incubated (5 min/37°C) with 0.25% (wt/vol) trypsin (11,000 U/mg; Sigma; St. Louis, MO USA), lysed (5 min/37°C) with 0.025% (vol/vol)

Triton X-100 (Sigma) and plated in TSA. For determining the CFU of invasive bacteria (CFUI), infected monolayers were washed twice in DMEM and incubated (20 min/37°C) with 100 µg/mL lysostaphin (500 U/mg; Sigma) to lyse adherent bacteria. Monolayers were washed twice and NVP-LDE225 price incubated (5 min/37°C) with 0.25% (wt/vol) trypsin. The epithelial cells were lysed (5 min/37°C) with 0.025% (vol/vol) triton X-100 and plated. For each aliquot, the total CFU in the supernatant was also determined (CFUS). The CFU of adherent bacteria (CFUA) was obtained by the formula: CFUA = CFUAI – CFUI. The percentages of invasive or adherent bacteria were calculated considering as 100% the total CFU obtained by the sum of CFUAI + CFUS for each aliquot. In addition to the USA400-related isolates, the wild-type HC474, and the isogenic Δagr::tetM and rnaIII-trans-complemented constructions were also used for investigating bacterial invasion. Statistical calculations Student’s t-test (unpaired

data) was used to compare the means of the biofilm values and of the data from gene expression experiments. In addition, correlation coefficient (r) was used to test the relationship between the autolysis and the ability of ST1 isolates to accumulate strong or weaker biofilms. This last test was also used to determine the occurrence of linear correlation between mecA and agr expressions [55]. Data were expressed in terms of mean values obtained from at least three independent experiments and three repetitions of each set. Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by Conselho Acyl CoA dehydrogenase Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and by European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), through the Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Scheme NANO_GUARD (learn more PIRSES-GA-2010-269138). References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Community-acquired methicillin–resistant staphylococcus aureus infections-Michigan. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1981, 30:185–187. 2.