“
“Objectives: The overall aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using electrophysiological measures of the auditory change complex (ACC) to identify candidates for cochlear implantation in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). To achieve this overall aim, this study (1) assessed the feasibility of measuring the ACC evoked by temporal gaps in a group of children with ANSD across a wide age range and (2) investigated the association between gap detection thresholds (GDTs) measured by the ACC recordings and open-set speech-perception performance in these subjects. Design: Nineteen children with

bilateral ANSD ranging in age between 1.9 and 14.9 years (mean: 7.8 years) participated in this study. Electrophysiological Apoptosis inhibitor recordings

of the auditory event-related potential (ERP), including the onset ERP response and the ACC, were completed in all subjects and open-set speech perception was evaluated for a subgroup of 16 subjects. For the ERP recordings, the stimulus was a Gaussian noise presented through ER-3A insert earphones to the test ear. Two stimulation conditions were used. In the “control condition,” the stimulus was an 800-msec Napabucasin Gaussian noise. In the “gapped condition,” the stimuli were two noise segments, each being 400 msec in duration, separated by one of five gaps (i.e., 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 msec). The inter-stimulation interval was 1200 msec. The aided open-set speech perception ability was assessed using the Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten (PBK) word lists presented at 60 dB SPL using recorded testing material in a sound booth. For speech perception tests, subjects wore their hearing aids at the settings

recommended by their CP-868596 cost clinical audiologists. For a subgroup of five subjects, psychophysical GDTs for the Gaussian noise were also assessed using a three-interval, three-alternative forced-choice procedure. Results: Responses evoked by the onset of the Gaussian noise (i.e., onset responses) were recorded in all stimulation conditions from all subjects tested in this study. The presence/absence, peak latency and amplitude, and response width of the onset response did not correlate with aided PBK word scores. The objective GDTs measured with the ACC recordings from 17 subjects ranged from 10 to 100 msec. The ACC was not recorded from two subjects for any gap durations tested in this study. There was a robust negative correlation between objective GDTs and aided PBK word scores. In general, subjects with prolonged objective GDTs showed low-aided PBK word scores. GDTs measured using electrophysiological recordings of the ACC correlated well with those measured using psychophysical procedures in four of five subjects who were evaluated using both procedures. Conclusions: The clinical application of the onset response in predicting open-set speech-perception ability is relatively limited in children with ANSD.

“
“Background: Aortic stenosis valve area (AS AVA) using the continuity equation (CE AVA) has limitations. Thus anatomic assessment of AS AVA would be useful. Method: AS AVA was measured using “live three-dimensional (3D)” echocardiography that is a two-dimensional LCL161 Apoptosis inhibitor (2D) display of a three-dimensionally

acquired 2-3 cm thick pyramidal image. In 52 aortic stenosis patients with CE AVA measurements, attempts were made at measuring AS AVA using 2D echocardiography (2D AVA) and real time, Live 3D echocardiography (3D AVA). 3D AVA and 2D AVA were compared to each other and to CE AVA. Results: 2D AVA could be obtained in 30 patients (58%) and 3D AVA in 50 patients (96%). Of the 30 patients in whom 3D AVA and 2D AVA were both measured, the correlation was 0.831 (P < 0.001). 3D AVA was smaller in 19 patients. In 17 of these patients, 3D AVA was closer to CE AVA. In two patients, 2D AVA was smaller than 3D AVA and in both patients 3D

AVA was closer to CE AVA. The correlations between 2D AVA and CE AVA and 3D AVA and CE AVA were 0.581 and 0.673, respectively (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: A simplified 3D technique that is a “thick slice” 2D examination, can obtain AS AVA more often than a “thin Buparlisib manufacturer slice” 2D echocardiogram. This 3D AVA correlates well with 2D AVA but is smaller and correlates better with CE AVA suggesting that the effective AS orifice is not planar but is more of a “tunnel” than a “flat ring.” (Echocardiography 2010;27:1011-1020).”
“Novel tools are needed for comprehensive comparisons of the inter-and intraspecies characteristics of a large

amounts of available genome sequences. An unsupervised neural network algorithm, Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Map (SOM), is an effective tool for clustering and visualizing high-dimensional complex data on a single map. We modified the conventional SOM for genome informatics on the basis of Batch Learning SOM (BLSOM), making the resulting map independent of the order of data input. We generated BLSOMs for oligonucleotide frequencies in fragment sequences (e. g. 10-kb) from 13 plant genomes for which almost complete genome sequences are available. BLSOM recognized species-specific characteristics P5091 (key combinations of oligonucleotide frequencies) in most of the fragment sequences, permitting classification (self-organization) of sequences according to species without any information regarding the species during computation. To disclose sequence characteristics of a single genome independently of other genomes, we constructed BLSOMs for sequence fragments from one genome plus computer-generated random sequences. Genomic sequences were clearly separated from random sequences, revealing the oligonucleotides with characteristic occurrence levels in the genomic sequences. We discussed these oligonucleotides diagnostic for genomic sequences, in connection with genetic signal sequences.

\n\nResults:\n\nInterferon-beta showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on all serotypes. EC(50) CBL0137 supplier of interferon-beta ranged between 211 and 843 IU/mL. A similar tendency was observed with interferon-gamma. EC(50) of interferon-gamma ranged between 133 and 9130 IU/mL. Among the serotypes, interferon-gamma exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on AdV37. In contrast, AdV4 showed the lowest sensitivity to interferon-gamma. Statistically significant

dose dependency for both interferon-beta and interferon-gamma was observed in several serotypes.\n\nConclusions:\n\nThese results suggest that both interferon-beta and interferon-gamma have anti-adenoviral activity in vitro. Interferons have the potential to be used for local treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, although further evaluation in animal models and clinical trials is necessary.”
“A

series of porous pillared-zirconium phosphates functionalized with methyl, ethyl, propyl and phenyl groups were prepared and characterized by SEM, Si-29 MAS NMR, TG and N-2 adsorption. Their total surface acidity and accessible one were measured by potentiometric titration of n-butylamine and liquid phase 2,6-di-tert-butyl-pyridine adsorption, respectively. The catalytic behaviors of these hybrid materials for alkylation of hydroquinone and esterification of lauric acid were compared. Not the total acid sites but the accessible ones play a crucial role in both reactions of alkylation and esterification. The accession for acid sites can IWR-1-endo be enhanced by the introduction of alkyl/aryl groups, due to the improved hydrophobicity of the surface. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The

mating type (-)-specific gene of the alpha-box and the mating type (+)-specific gene of the high-mobility group (HMG) DNA-binding this website domain were confirmed in zoophilic dematophytes of Arthroderma simii and A. vanbreuseghemii. The sequence of the alpha-box gene was 1,375 bp, containing 2 exons (from 172 to 463 bp and from 513 to 1,375 bp) in the A. simii (-) mating type strain and 1,380 bp, containing 2 exons (from 177 to 468 bp and from 518 to 1,380 bp) in the A. vanbreuseghemii (-) mating type strain. The sequence of the HMG gene was 1,871 bp, containing 2 exons (from 181 to 362 bp and from 426 to 1,440 bp, coding a protein of 398 amino acids) in the A. simii (+) mating type strain and 1,811 bp containing 2 exons (from 158 to 339 bp and from 403 to 1,381 bp, coding a protein of 386 amino acids) in the A. vanbreuseghemii (+) mating type strain. Of 15 animal isolates and 72 human isolates examined, the alpha-box gene was detected in five of the animal isolates and in none of the human isolates, while the HMG gene was detected in the other 10 of the animal isolates and in all of the human isolates.

ES coincided with onset of aortic valve closure in ten of 12 subjects; complete closure occurred 1 frame later. The tricuspid valve began to open 1-2 frames after ES, and completely opened

2-4 frames after ES. RV volume was unchanged between ES and the frame following. However, ES volume differed significantly from volume measured 1 or 2 frames before P505-15 inhibitor ES and from volume measured 2 or 3 frames following ES, although these volume differences lay within the range of observer variability. The time of minimum RV area in the 4-chamber view agreed closely with that of ES (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.962). We conclude that minimum RV area in the 4-chamber view is a convenient selleck inhibitor marker of use for ES, and that aortic valve closure or onset of tricuspid valve opening could also be used, being unlikely to result in clinically significant errors.”
“Optical microscopy allows a magnified view of the sample while decreasing the depth of focus. Although the acquired images from limited depth of field have both blurred and focused regions, they can provide depth information. The technique to estimate the depth and 3D shape of an object from the images of the same sample obtained at different focus settings

is called shape from focus (SFF). In SFF, the measure of focus-sharpness-is the crucial part for final

3D shape estimation. The conventional methods WZB117 mouse compute sharpness by applying focus measure operator on each 2D image frame of the image sequence. However, such methods do not reflect the accurate focus levels in an image because the focus levels for curved objects require information from neighboring pixels in the adjacent frames too. To address this issue, we propose a new method based on focus adjustment which takes the values of the neighboring pixels from the adjacent image frames that have approximately the same initial depth as of the center pixel and then it readjusts the center value accordingly. Experiments were conducted on synthetic and microscopic objects, and the results show that the proposed technique generates better shape and takes less computation time in comparison with previous SFF methods based on focused image surface (FIS) and dynamic programming. Microsc. Res. Tech. 72:362-370, 2009. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss.Inc.”
“Background : After pneumonia, cancer involving the pleura is the leading cause of exudative pleural effusion. Cytologic examination of pleural effusions is an important initial step in management of malignant effusions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spectrum of uncommon malignant pleural effusions in a chest disease center in Turkey.

However, the role of biologic drugs in preventing bone loss in clinical practice has not yet clearly assessed. Many clinical studies showed a trend to a positive effect of biologic agents in preventing systemic bone loss observed in RA. Although the suppression of inflammation is the main goal in the treatment of RA and the anti-inflammatory effects of biologic drugs exert a positive effect on bone metabolism, the exact

relationship between the prevention of bone loss and control of inflammation has not been clearly established, ALK inhibitor and if the available biologic drugs against TNF alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 can exert their effect on systemic and local bone loss also through a direct mechanism on bone cell metabolism is still to be clearly defined.”
“Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabrication

procedure has been employed using natural pomegranate juice for sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO(2). Platinum and graphite coated electrodes were prepared by pulse current electrondeposition and soot staining method for use as counter electrodes. Photovoltaic parameters like short circuit current (I(SC)), open circuit voltage (V(OC)) and fill factor (FF) were evaluated for fabricated cells. Although the fill factor for both cells was found to be 45%, I(SC) and V(OC) for cells operating with carbon and platinum coated counter electrodes were increased from 360 to 400 mV and from 175 to 200 mu A respectively. Overall conversion efficiencies of fabricated DSSC Cilengitide cell line found to be 1.5 % for cell operated with platinum electrodeposited and 0.9 % for carbon coated counter electrodes.”
“Purpose: To examine the worklife experiences of physicians, to further the exploration of the worklife CFTR inhibitor experiences of nurses with disabilities, and to discover how the two healthcare professions compare with each other with regard to these experiences.\n\nMethods: This study employed the research tradition of interpretive naturalistic inquiry and used constant comparative analysis to collect and analyze the data.\n\nFindings: Despite the cultural and educational

differences between physicians and RNs, their experiences as healthcare professionals with self-identified permanent physical and/or sensory disabilities were very similar. The research team identified five core themes.\n\nConclusions: Healthcare professionals, including staff and administrators, need to make an effort to retain employees as turnover and predicted shortages are likely to jeopardize the current healthcare system.”
“Objective: The main goal of this controlled study was to compare the presence of depressive symptoms and disorders in men receiving a combination of androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy (ADT-RTH) to men receiving RTH only. Method: A total of 60 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer formed two groups: (a) ADT-RTH (n = 28) and (b) RTH only (n = 32).

Taken together, these results show that Pho-s is a promising compound in the fight against cancer. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Overexpression of sphingosine selleck products kinase-1 (SPHK1) has

been demonstrated to be associated with the development and progression in various types of human cancers. The current study was to characterize the expression of SPHK1 in salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) and to investigate the association between SPHK1 expression and progression of SGC.\n\nMethods: The expression of SPHK1 was examined in 2 normal salivary gland tissues, 8 SGC tissues of various clinical stages, and 5 pairs of primary SGC and adjacent salivary gland tissues from the same patient, using real-time PCR and SCH 900776 datasheet western blot analysis.

Furthermore, the SPHK1 protein expression was analyzed in 159 clinicopathologically characterized SGC cases by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the prognostic and diagnostic associations.\n\nResults: SPHK1 expression was found to be markedly upregulated in SGC tissues than that in the normal salivary gland tissues and paired adjacent salivary gland tissues, at both mRNA and protein levels. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation of SPHK1 expression with the clinical stage (P = 0.005), T classification (P = 0.017), N classification (P = 0.009), M classification (P = 0.002), and pathological differentiation (P = 0.013). Patients with higher SPHK1 expression had shorter overall survival time, whereas patients with lower SPHK1 expression had better survival. Importantly, patients in the group without adjuvant therapy who exhibited high SPHK1 expression had significantly lower overall survival rates compared with those with low SPHK1 expression. Moreover, this website multivariate analysis suggested

that SPHK1 expression might be an independent prognostic indicator for the survival of SGC patients.\n\nConclusions: Our results suggest that SPHK1 expression is associated with SGC progression, and might represent as a novel and valuable predictor for adjuvant therapy to SGC patients.”
“Staging of cutaneous melanoma continues to evolve through identification and rigorous analysis of potential prognostic factors. In 1998, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Melanoma Staging Committee developed the AJCC melanoma staging database, an international integrated compilation of prospectively accumulated melanoma outcome data from several centers and clinical trial cooperative groups. Analysis of this database resulted in major revisions to the TNM staging system reflected in the sixth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual published in 2002. More recently, the committee’s analysis of an updated melanoma staging database, including prospective data on more than 50,000 patients, led to staging revisions adopted in the seventh edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual published in 2009.

We observed significant inhibition FG-4592 purchase of P. aeruginosa growth in bacterial cultures continued over 96 hours in the presence of gold-functionalized nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au). At the 48-hour time point, growth

of P. aeruginosa, as assessed by the number of colonies grown from treated samples, showed the highest inhibition (decreased by 40%). These data provide strong evidence that Fe3O4@Au can dramatically reduce growth of P. aeruginosa and provide a platform for further study of the antibacterial activity of this nanomaterial.”
“Background: The Drosophila melanogaster junctional neoplastic tumor suppressor, Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), is a regulator of apicobasal cell polarity and tissue growth. We have previously shown in the developing Drosophila eye epithelium that, without affecting cell polarity, depletion of Lgl results in ectopic cell proliferation and blockage of developmental cell death due to deregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway. Results: Here, we show that Notch signaling is increased in lgl-depleted eye tissue, independently

of Lgl’s function in apicobasal cell polarity. The upregulation of Notch signaling is ligand dependent and correlates with accumulation of cleaved CYC202 Notch. Concomitant with higher cleaved Notch levels in lgl(-) tissue, early endosomes (Avalanche [Avl(+)), recycling endosomes (Rab11(+)), early multivesicular bodies (Hrs(+)), and acidified vesicles, but not late endosomal markers (Car(+) and Rab7(+)), accumulate. Colocalization studies FG-4592 manufacturer revealed that Lgl associates with early to late endosomes and lysosomes. Upregulation of Notch signaling in lgl(-) tissue requires dynamin- and Rab5-mediated endocytosis and vesicle acidification but is independent of Hrs/Stam or Rab11 activity.

Furthermore, Lgl regulates Notch signaling independently of the aPKC-Par6-Baz apical polarity complex. Conclusions: Altogether, our data show that Lgl regulates endocytosis to restrict vesicle acidification and prevent ectopic ligand-dependent Notch signaling. This Lgl function is independent of the aPKC-Par6-Baz polarity complex and uncovers a novel attenuation mechanism of ligand-activated Notch signaling during Drosophila eye development.”
“In many cancers, including neuroblastoma, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling of peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) may increase understanding of the metastatic process and lead to the identification of clinically informative biomarkers. The quality of miRNAs in PB and BM samples archived in PAXgene (TM) blood RNA tubes from large-scale clinical studies and the identity of reference miRNAs for standard reporting of data are to date unknown. In this study, we evaluated the reliability of expression profiling of 377 miRNAs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in PB and BM samples (n = 90) stored at -80 degrees C for up to 5 years in PAXgene (TM) blood RNA tubes.

Samples were collected according to therapeutic drug monitoring from 228 women treated with lamivudine and retrospectively analyzed by a population approach. The samples were

also collected from cord blood and amniotic fluid at birth. Lamivudine pharmacokinetics were ascribed to an open two-compartment model with linear absorption and elimination. Mean population parameter estimates (intersubject variability) for women were an absorption rate constant of 1.04 h(-1), an elimination clearance rate of 23.6 (0.266) liters . h(-1), a central volume of distribution of 109 (0.897) liters, an intercompartmental clearance rate of 6.7 liters/h, and a peripheral volume of distribution of 129 liters. A fetal compartment was linked to maternal circulation by mother-to-cord (or fetus) BMS-777607 and cord-to-mother rate constants of 0.463 h(-1) and 0.538 h(-1) respectively. The amniotic fluid compartment was connected to the fetal compartment

with an elimination rate constant of 0.163 h(-1) and a fixed-constant swallowing flow. The placental transfer expressed as buy Linsitinib fetal-to-maternal area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio was 0.86, and the lamivudine amniotic fluid accumulation, expressed as the amniotic fluid-to-fetal AUC ratio, was 2.9. Pregnant women had a 22% higher apparent clearance than nonpregnant and parturient women; however, this increase did not lead to subexposure and FG-4592 solubility dmso should not require a dosage adjustment.”
“Fibrosis is a pathological feature observed in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in mdx mice, the experimental model of DMD. We evaluated the effect of suramin, a transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) blocker, on fibrosis in mdx mice. mdx mice (6 months old) received suramin for 7 weeks. Suramin-and saline-treated (control) mdx mice performed exercise on a treadmill to worsen disease progression.

Immunoblotting showed an increase of TGF-beta 1 in mdx diaphragm, limb, and cardiac muscles. Suramin decreased creatine kinase in mdx mice and attenuated fibrosis in all muscles studied, except for cardiac muscle. Suramin protected limb muscles against damage and reduced the exercise-induced loss of strength over time. These findings support a role for TGF-beta 1 in fibrinogenesis and myonecrosis during the later stages of disease in mdx mice. Suramin might be a useful therapeutic alternative for the treatment of dystrophinopathies. Muscle Nerve 43: 82-87, 2011″
“In the title Mannich base, C(20)H(21)N(3)O(3), an isatin derivative of thymol, the O-CH(2)-C(=O)-N(H)-N fragment connecting the aromatic and fused-ring systems is approximately planar, with the N-N single bond in a Z configuration. The amino H atom of this N-N fragment is intramolecularly hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl O atom of the indolinone fused ring as well as to the phenoxy O atom of the aromatic ring.

“
“Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P) and mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P), providing a link between glycolysis and the mannose metabolic pathway. In this study, we identified pmi gene (Mapmi) from the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum, and analyzed

selleck chemicals llc its functions using RNA interference (RNAi). Amending the growth medium with cell stress chemicals significantly reduced growth, conidial production and percent germination in Mapmi-RNAi mutant strain, compared to the wild-type strain. Growth of RNAi mutant was lower than the wild type strain with glucose or fructose as sole carbon source. RNAi mutant exhibited a normal growth phenotype JQ-EZ-05 with mannose at low concentrations, while trace or high concentration of mannose was more negatively impacted the growth of RNAi mutant than the wild type strain. Infection with Mapmi-RNAi mutant against Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) led to a significantly reduced virulence compared to infection with the wild-type strain. These results suggest that Mapmi plays essential roles in stress tolerance and pathogenicity of M. acridum. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The convergence of sickle cell disease’s unique political, historical, cultural, medical, and psychological dimensions begets an especially distressing plight for sufferers of the disease. Too often, this convergence results

in sickle cell patients being classified as difficult. As Autumn Fiester recently argued, traditional understanding of the difficult patient warrants reevaluation. By acknowledging the nuanced dimensions of sickle cell disease, we identify barriers to care particular to the disease, which further substantiate the need to redefine orthodox notions of the difficult patient. We support

development of mechanisms in both health care provider education and third-party consultation support by the Ethics Consultation Service, or by other appropriately designated ASP2215 Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor specialists, to respect the manifold dimensions of sickle cell disease as a necessary step toward the enhancement of clinical care for sickle cell patients.”
“To examine (a) the pattern of responses to a generic health-related quality of life (HRQL) measure (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory-PedsQL) and an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measure (Child Oral Health Impact Profile-COHIP), and (b) the associations of these scores with surgical recommendation status among youth with cleft. Cross-sectional data (baseline) regarding clinicians’ surgical recommendations and quality of life (QoL) measures were examined from an ongoing observational study on treatment outcomes. Approximately one-third of the racially and geographically diverse sample (N = 1,200; = 11.6 years) received surgical recommendations to correct either visible (aesthetic) or invisible (functional) defects.

Expression of membrane-targeted active PTK6 (Palm-PTK6-YF) induces constitutive activation of FAK and cell morphology changes, which are independent of SRC family kinases in Src-/-, Yes-/-, Fyn-/- (SYF) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Palm-PTK6-YF expressing SYF cells are transformed and overcome contact inhibition, form colonies in transformation assays, proliferate in suspension and form tumors in a xenograft model. Expression of FAK and Palm-PTK6-YF

in Fak-/- MEFs synergistically activates AKT and protects cells against anoikis. However, expression of Palm-PTK6-YF in Akt1/2-/- MEFs fails to protect cells Temsirolimus from anoikis, indicating AKT is critical in PTK6 and FAK-mediated survival signaling. In a conditional Pten knockout murine prostate cancer model, we identify prostate epithelial cells with enhanced activation of endogenous PTK6 and FAK at the plasma membrane. Knockdown of PTK6 in the PC3 human prostate cancer cell line disrupts

FAK and AKT activation and promotes anoikis, which can be rescued by exogenous expression of FAK. Our data reveal important roles for a PTK6-FAK-AKT signaling axis in promoting anchorage-independent cell survival.”
“Methotrexate (MTX) use associated with optical irradiation of the malignant tumours requires knowledge of its intratumoral retention time. Radioactive Chromatography and absorption spectroscopy confirm synthesizing of 2,4 diamino 6-pertechnetate pterine that pursues MTX biodistribution. Sequential scintigraphy shows an intratumoral MTX retention P5091 cost time of one hour from systemic administration in bolus.”
“Stable field emission has been obtained in inert gas under atmospheric pressure with 100 nm characteristic size. An individual multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) mounted on an atomic force microscopy

tip acted as the cathode. The field emitter could provide current of up to 1 mu A with fluctuation lower than 6%. This MWCNT was then coated with HfC to further improve its field emission current by about four times Selleckchem Sapanisertib and reduce the fluctuation to 2%. With the protection of HfC, the field emitter has a high stability under atmospheric pressure inert gas; even increasing the characteristic size to 200 nm does not affect the stability. These results, combined with the state-of-the-art fabrication technology, could help create nanoscale field emission devices. (C) 2010 American Vacuum Society. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3372333]“
“In species with parental care, competition among siblings for access to limited parental resources is common. Sibling competition can be mediated by begging behaviour, a suite of different visual and acoustic displays by which offspring solicit parental care. These are mostly addressed to the parents upon food provisioning, but can also be performed in the absence of the attending parents.