CONCLUSION: GW3965 concentration AMMs, as defined by 2000 WHO, are biologically heterogeneous. Recurrence-free survival can be further stratified by location and histological parameters,

especially mitotic count, brain invasion, and Ki67 labeling index. Not only brain invasion, but also the presence or absence of brain tissue in surgical specimens should be reported, because the absence of brain invasion, when brain tissue is identified, provides very important positive prognostic information.”
“Neutral ceramidase (NCDase) and sphingosine kinases (SphKs) are key enzymes regulating cellular sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels. In this study we found that stress factor-induced apoptosis of rat renal mesangial cells was significantly reduced by dexamethasone treatment. Concomitantly, dexamethasone increased cellular S1P levels, suggesting an activation of sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. The cell-protective effect of glucocorticoids was reversed by a SphK inhibitor, was completely absent in SphK1-deficient cells, and was associated with upregulated mRNA and protein expression of NCDase and SphK1. Additionally, in vivo experiments in mice showed that dexamethasone also upregulated SphK1 mRNA and activity, and NCDase protein expression in the kidney. Fragments (2285, 1724,

and 1126 bp) of the rat NCDase promoter linked to a luciferase reporter were transfected into rat kidney fibroblasts and mesangial cells. There was enhanced NCDase promoter activity upon glucocorticoids treatment that was abolished by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486. Single and double mutations Selleck CHIR99021 of the two putative glucocorticoid response element sites within the promoter reduced the dexamethasone effect, suggesting that both glucocorticoid response elements are functionally active and required for induction. Our study shows that glucocorticoids exert a protective effect on stress-induced mesangial cell selleck compound apoptosis in vitro and in vivo by upregulating NCDase and SphK1 expression and activity, resulting in enhanced levels of the protective

lipid second messenger S1P. Kidney International (2010) 77, 870-879; doi:10.1038/ki.2010.62; published online 10 March 2010″
“BACKGROUND: Sciatica is typically a clear-cut symptom complex commonly related to an impingement at the spinal nerve level. Etiologies of sciatic neuropathy outside the neural foramina are uncommon.

OBJECTIVE: To describe 4 patients presenting with radiating leg pain due to sciatic nerve involvement, all with a vascular etiology.

METHODS: Four patients presenting with neuropathic pain were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify these lesions, which most commonly showed diffuse T2 changes with nerve enhancement upon administration of contrast.

RESULTS: Exploration revealed vascular lesions. All patients went on to external and limited internal neurolysis of the involved sciatic nerve segment.

METHODS: Three-dimensional MR imaging data sets of 13 healthy adults were acquired in different positions in the scanner. With a morphometric approach, data sets were evaluated by deformation field analysis and the brain boundary shift integral. Distortions of the brain were assessed comparing right versus left and prone versus supine positioning, respectively.

RESULTS: Two effects could be differentiated: 1) greatest brain deformation of up to 1.7 mm predominantly located around central brain structures

in the lateral direction and a less pronounced change after position changes in posterior-anterior direction, and 2) the brain boundary shift integral Selleck Entinostat depicted position-dependent brain shift relative to the inner skull.

CONCLUSION: Position-dependent effects

on brain structure may undermine the accuracy of neuronavigational and other neurosurgical procedures. Furthermore, in longitudinal MR volumetric studies, gravitational effects should be kept in mind and the scanning position should be rigidly controlled for.”
“Purpose: We assessed the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis via ultrasound in asymptomatic males 8-Bromo-cAMP mw 0 to 19 years old.

Materials and Methods: We studied only patients with 2 scrotal testes at birth and at examination. We excluded boys with a history of undescended testis, hydrocele, varicocele and syndromes associated with testicular microlithiasis. To assess for testicular microlithiasis, we scanned the scrotum ultrasonographically by recording transverse and longitudinal images of each testis. Classic testicular microlithiasis was defined as 5 or more echogenic foci in either or both testes. Boys with fewer than 5 microliths (but with at least 1) were deemed to have limited testicular microlithiasis.

Results: We examined 694 asymptomatic boys between October 2007 and July 2008, of whom 670 participated Erastin in the study. Classic testicular microlithiasis was present

in 16 boys (2.4%) and limited testicular microlithiasis in 12 (1.8%), yielding a total prevalence of 4.2%. Classic testicular microlithiasis was found in 1 patient younger than 6 years, 8 boys 6 to 12 years old and 7 boys older than 12 years. There was a significant difference in prevalence among the 3 age groups (p = 0.032). Testicular malignancies were not found in any patient. Of the 24 boys excluded from the study testicular microlithiasis was seen in 4.

Conclusions: The prevalence of classic testicular microlithiasis in asymptomatic boys is 2.4% and increases with age.”
“OBJECTIVE: To further elucidate the importance of anatomic variations in morphology of the foramen magnum and associated clinical implications, we conducted a morphometric study.

METHODS: Seventy-two dry skulls were used for this study. Digital images were obtained of the foramen magnum from an inferior view. These images were studied using a computer-assisted image analysis system.

Donors overall used GPR15 better than did recipients. However, while several individual pairs showed donor/recipient differences for GPR15 and/or other coreceptors, the direction of the differences was inconsistent, and several pairs had unique alternative coreceptor patterns that were conserved across the transmission barrier. CCR5/CCR2b chimeras revealed that recipients as a group were more sensitive than were donors to replacement of the CCR5 extracellular loops with corresponding regions of CCR2b, but significant differences in this direction were not consistent within pairs. These data show that sexual transmission

does not select for enhanced macrophage tropism, nor for preferential use of any alternative coreceptor. Recipient Envs are somewhat more constrained than are donors in flexibility of CCR5 selleck chemicals llc use, but this pattern is not universal for all pairs, indicating that it is not an absolute requirement.”
“B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a recently discovered immunoresistance protein that is regulated posttranscriptionally after PTEN loss in

malignant glioma, a deadly form of brain tumor. Here, the impact of gamma-interferon-mediated activation of B7-H1 was investigated in glioblastoma patients with PTEN loss. Lymphocytes and T cells were selected for apoptosis assays after 1 : 1 coculture with autologous glioma cells. Gamma interferon treatment of PTEN-deficient tumors resulted in superinduction of B7-H1 protein that correlated with increased T-cell apoptosis, an effect dependent upon activation of the PI3-kinase pathway. The combination Selleck Necrostatin-1 of PTEN loss and gamma-interferon exposure in glioblastoma patients results in an exceptionally immunoresistant phenotype that may negate adaptive immunity through induction of T-cell apoptosis. NeuroReport 20:1597-1602 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) has been identified as being the most common etiological agent leading to cervical cancer. Despite having a clear understanding of the role of HPV16 in oncogenesis, details of how HPV16 traffics during infection are poorly understood. HPV16 has been

determined to enter via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but the subsequent steps of HPV16 infection remain unclear. There is emerging evidence that several Oxygenase viruses take advantage of cross talk between routes of endocytosis. Specifically, JCV and bovine papillomavirus type 1 have been shown to enter cells by clathrin-dependent endocytosis and then require caveolin-1-mediated trafficking for infection. In this paper, we show that HPV16 is dependent on caveolin-1 after clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We provide evidence for the first time that HPV16 infection is dependent on trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This novel trafficking may explain the requirement for the caveolar pathway in HPV16 infection because clathrin-mediated endocytosis typically does not lead to the ER.

We

show that a single false discovery rate for all peptide Y-27632 price identifications significantly overestimates occurrence of rare modifications, such as tyrosine phosphorylation in yeast. The identified phosphorylation sites are predominantly located on irregularly structured and accessible protein regions. We found high evolutionary conservation of phosphorylated proteins and a large overlap of significantly over-represented motifs with the human phosphoproteome. Nevertheless, phosphorylation events at the site level were not highly conserved between yeast and higher eukaryotes, which points to metazoan-specific kinase and substrate families. We constructed a yeast-specific phosphorylation sites predictor on the basis of a support vector machine, which – together with the yeast phosphorylation data – is integrated into the PHOSIDA database (www.phosida.com).”
“The present study examined the antihyperalgesic

effect of a specific inhibitor of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3), AR-A014418, on the partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (PSNL), a neuropathic pain model in mice and investigated some mechanisms of action. AR-A014418 (0.01-1 this website mg/kg) administered by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) inhibited mechanical hyperalgesia. This action started 30 min after i.p. administration and remained significant up to 2 h. When administered daily for 5 days, tuclazepam AR-A014418 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the mechanical hyperalgesia caused by PSNL. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment with AR-A014418 (0.3 mg/kg) also significantly inhibited cold hyperalgesia induced by PSNL. Pre-administration of PCPA (100 mg/kg, i.p., inhibitor of serotonin synthesis) and AMPT (100 mg/kg, i.p., inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase), but not L-arginine (600

mg/kg, i.p., a nitric oxide precursor), significantly reduced the mechanical hyperalgesia elicited by AR-A014418. Furthermore, the administration of AR-A014418 significantly prevented the increase of TNF-alpha (inhibition of 76 +/- 8%) and IL-1 beta (inhibition of 62 +/- 10%), but did not alter lumbar spinal cord IL1-ra and IL-10 levels. Finally, intraperitoneal administration of AR-A014418 did not affect locomotor activity in the open-field test. Taken together, these results provide experimental evidence indicating that ARA014418 produces marked antihyperalgesic effects in neuropathic pain in mice, possibly due to mechanisms that reduce proinflammatory cytokines, as well as increases in serotonergic and catecholaminergic pathways. The present study suggests that GSK3 may be a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of neuropathic pain and AR-A014418 might be a potential molecule of interest for chronic pain relief. (c) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide.

Exposure also predicted poor sleep quality through its association with concurrent posttraumatic stress. The effect of exposure on self-reported health was mediated by health complaints

and psychological distress, which included symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Conclusion: Exposure to war-related events during childhood is associated with posttraumatic stress, poor sleep quality, high BMI, and poor self-reported health in adulthood.”
“Background Research investigating which aspects of mental health service provision are most effective in prevention of suicide is scarce. We aimed to examine the uptake of key mental health service recommendations over time and to investigate the association between their implementation and suicide rates.

Methods We did a descriptive, cross-sectional, and before-and-after Selleck BMS-777607 GSK461364 clinical trial analysis of national suicide data in England and Wales. We collected data for individuals who died by suicide between 1997 and 2006 who were in contact with mental health services in the 12 months before death. Data were obtained as part of the National Confidential Inquiry

into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. When denominator data were missing, we used information from the Mental Health Minimum Data Set. We compared suicide rates for services implementing most of the recommendations with those implementing fewer recommendations and examined rates before and after implementation. We stratified results for level of socioeconomic deprivation and size of service provider.

Findings The average number of recommendations implemented increased from 0.3 per service in 1998 to 7.2 in 2006. Implementation of recommendations was associated with lower suicide rates in both cross-sectional

and before-and-after analyses. The provision of 24 h crisis care was associated with the biggest fall in suicide rates: from 11.44 per 10 000 patient contacts per year (95% CI 11.12-11.77) before to 9.32 (8.99-9.67) after (p<0.0001). Local policies on patients with dual diagnosis (10.55; 10.23-10.89 before vs 9.61; 9.18-10.05 after, p=0.0007) and multidisciplinary review after suicide (11.59; 11.31-11.88 before MEK162 cell line vs 10.48; 10.13-10.84 after, p<0.0001) were also associated with falling rates. Services that did not implement recommendations had little reduction in suicide. The biggest falls in suicide seemed to be in services with the most deprived catchment areas (incidence rate ratio 0.90; 95% CI 0.88-0.92) and the most patients (0.86; 0.84-0.88).

Interpretation Our findings suggest that aspects of provision of mental health services can affect suicide rates in clinical populations. Investigation of the relation between new initiatives and suicide could help to inform future suicide prevention efforts and improve safety for patients receiving mental health care.

During a median follow-up

of 41 months, there were 30 deaths, of which 17 were due to cardiovascular causes. Kaplan-Meier analysis for the entire follow-up period indicated that patients with sleep apnea at baseline had significantly higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality selleck chemicals during follow-up than those without. Minimal nocturnal saturation and desaturation indices were predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events at univariate analysis. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified significant sleep apnea syndrome at baseline as an independent predictor of increased all-cause mortality independent of age, male gender, and diabetic status. Further, an absolute increase Dactolisib solubility dmso in the AHI was associated with an incremental risk of cardiovascular events. Thus, sleep apnea syndrome, detected at the start of peritoneal dialysis, is

a novel risk predictor for subsequent mortality and cardiovascular events. Kidney International (2010) 77, 1031-1038; doi:10.1038/ki.2010.76; published online 17 March 2010″
“The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) plays an important role in modulation of the descending antinociceptive pathways. Using whole-cell patch clamp recordings from brain slices, we found that CeA neurons responded to the endogenous ligands somatostatin (SST) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (OFQ) via an increased K-conductance. Co-application with selective antagonists suggested that SST and OFQ act on SSTR2 and ORL1 receptors, respectively. Taking account of anatomical localisation of recorded neurons, the present study showed that many responsive neurons were located within the medial subdivision of CeA and all CeA projection neurons to the midbrain periaqueductal grey invariably responded to these peptides. Randomly selected agonist-responsive HKI-272 ic50 neurons in CeA predominantly classified physiologically as low-threshold spiking neurons. The similarity of SST, OFQ and, as previously reported, opioid responsiveness

in a sub-population of CeA neurons suggests converging roles of these peptides to inhibit the activity of projections from CeA to vIPAG, and potentially similar antinociceptive actions in this pathway. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Home extended hours hemodialysis improves some measurable biological and quality-of-life parameters over conventional renal replacement therapies in patients with end-stage renal disease. Published small studies evaluating costs have shown savings in terms of ongoing operating costs with this modality. However, all estimates need to include the total costs, including infrastructure, patient training, and maintenance; patient attrition by death, transplantation, technique failure; and the necessity of in-center dialysis.

3 +/- 4.4 for placebo. Differences.(silodosin vs placebo) in International Prostate Symptom Score and subscores increased by week 12 (p <0.0001). Mean change from baseline in peak urinary flow rate (ml per second) 2 to 6 hours after initial dose was greater (p <0.0001) with silodosin (2.8 +/- 3.4) than placebo (1.5 +/- 3.8). Differences remained significant (p <0.001) through

week 12. The most common treatment emergent adverse event was (mostly mild) retrograde ejaculation (silodosin 28.1% of patients, placebo 0.9%). Few patients receiving silodosin (2.8%) discontinued because of retrograde ejaculation. Proportions of patients with treatment emergent orthostatic hypotension were similar for silodosin (2.6%) and placebo (1.5%).

Conclusions: Treatment with silodosin produced rapid improvement

in urinary symptoms that was sustained for see more 12 weeks. Silodosin was well tolerated with a low incidence of orthostatic hypotension.”
“Background: Whether hypothermic therapy improves neurodevelopmental outcomes in newborn infants with asphyxial encephalopathy is uncertain.

Methods: We performed a randomized trial of infants who were less than 6 hours of age and had a gestational age of at least 36 weeks and perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy. We compared intensive care plus cooling of the body to 33.5 degreesC for 72 hours and intensive care alone. The primary outcome was death or severe disability at 18 months of age. Prespecified secondary outcomes included 12 neurologic outcomes and 14 other adverse outcomes.

Results: Of 325 selleck infants enrolled, 163 underwent intensive care with cooling, and 162 underwent intensive care alone. In the cooled group, 42 infants died and 32 survived but had severe neurodevelopmental disability, whereas in the noncooled group, 44 infants died and 42 had severe disability (relative risk for either outcome, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 1.07; P=0.17). Infants in the cooled group CP673451 nmr had an increased rate of survival without neurologic abnormality (relative risk, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.12; P=0.003). Among

survivors, cooling resulted in reduced risks of cerebral palsy (relative risk, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.96; P=0.03) and improved scores on the Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (P=0.03 for each) and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (P=0.01). Improvements in other neurologic outcomes in the cooled group were not significant. Adverse events were mostly minor and not associated with cooling.

Conclusions: Induction of moderate hypothermia for 72 hours in infants who had perinatal asphyxia did not significantly reduce the combined rate of death or severe disability but resulted in improved neurologic outcomes in survivors. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN89547571.)

N Engl J Med 2009;361:1349-58.

“
“Aims:

To evaluate the inhibition effectiveness of enterocin CRL35 in combination with cell wall, membrane-acting antibiotics and muranolytic enzymes against the foodborne pathogen Listeria.

Methods and Results:

Synthetic enterocin CRL35 alone and in combination with monensin, bacitracin, gramicidin, mutanolysin and lysozyme were used in this study. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fractional

inhibitory concentration (FIC) index assays were performed using Listeria innocua 7 and Listeria monocytogenes FBUNT as sensitive strains. Antibiotics showed positive interactions with the bacteriocin Cell Cycle inhibitor in both strains tested. On the other hand, when mutanolysin and enterocin CRL35 were added to resting cells in a buffer system, the lytic effect of mutanolysin was enhanced. However, the addition of mutanolysin showed no effect on the growth of L. innocua 7 cells in a culture medium. Moreover, mutanolysin allowed the overgrowth of L. innocua 7 cells to an OD similar to control cells in the presence of inhibitory concentration of enterocin CRL35. In contrast, the combination of lysozyme and enterocin CRL35 resulted in a 50% inhibition of the L. innocua 7 growth.

Conclusions:

Based on our results, we conclude that the combination

of synthetic enterocin CRL35 with some antibiotics is effective against L. innocua 7 and L. monocytogenes FBUNT cells, and more importantly the amount Repotrectinib of these agents to be used was considerably reduced. The effectiveness of the combination of synthetic enterocin CRL35 with muramidases seems to TCL depend on complex environments, and more detailed studies need to be performed to elucidate this issue.

Significance and Impact of the Study:

Enterocin CRL35 represents

a promising agent that not only can ensure the quality and safety of food but it can also be combined with several antimicrobial agents important in the medical field.”
“During percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV), perivertebral cement leakage frequently occurs. There is some concern that cement deposits may migrate towards the lungs via the veins during follow-up. We used baseline and follow-up computed tomography (CT) to assess the incidence and extend of late cement migration in a large consecutive patient cohort.

VERTOS II is a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing PV with conservative therapy for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Patients assigned to PV had baseline postprocedural CT scans of the treated vertebral bodies. After a mean follow-up of 22 months, 54 of 78 patients (69%) had follow-up CT. CT scans were analyzed and compared for perivertebral venous, discal, and soft tissue leakage.

Perivertebral cement leakage occurred in 64 of 80 treated vertebrae (80%; 95% CI, 70% to 87%). All patients remained asymptomatic. Perivertebral venous leakage was present in 56 vertebrae (88%), mostly in the anterior external venous plexus (46 of 56, 82%).

“
“Genetic factors clearly contribute to exceptional longevity and healthy aging in humans, yet the identification of the underlying genes remains

a challenge. Longevity is a complex phenotype with modest heritability. Quizartinib Age-related phenotypes with higher heritability may have greater success in gene discovery. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for longevity have had only limited success to date. The Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium conducted a meta-analysis of GWAS data for longevity, defined as survival to age 90 years or older, that identified several interesting associations but none achieved genome-wide significance. A recent GWAS of longevity conducted in the Leiden Longevity Study identified the ApoE E4 isoform as deleterious to longevity that was confirmed in an independent GWAS of long-lived individuals of German descent. Notably, no other genetic loci for longevity have been identified in these GWAS.

To examine the conserved genetic mechanisms between the mouse and humans for life span, we mapped the top Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology GWAS associations for longevity to the mouse chromosomal map and noted that eight of the ten top human associations were located within a previously reported mouse life-span quantitative trait loci. This work Nirogacestat datasheet suggests that the mouse and human may share mechanisms leading to aging and that the mouse model may help speed the understanding of how genes identified in humans affect the biology of aging. We expect these ongoing collaborations and the translational

work with basic scientists to accelerate the identification of genes that delay aging and promote a healthy life span.”
“Aims: The goal of this study was to assess the effect of independent component neurofeedback (NFB) on EEG and clinical symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Subsequently, we explored predictors of treatment response and EEG correlates of clinical symptoms. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, parallel design, 20 inpatients with OCD underwent 25 sessions of NFB or sham feedback (SFB). NFB aimed at reducing EEG activity in an independent DNA ligase component previously reported abnormal in this diagnosis. Resting-state EEG recorded before and after the treatment was analyzed to assess its posttreatment changes, relationships with clinical symptoms and treatment response. Results: Overall, clinical improvement in OCD patients was not accompanied by EEG change as assessed by standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography and normative independent component analysis. Pre- to posttreatment comparison of the trained component and frequency did not yield significant results; however, in the NFB group, the nominal values at the downtrained frequency were lower after treatment.

It has been suggested that the expression

of viral polymerase and NP allows genome replication by stabilization of cRNA replication intermediates and complementary ribonucleoprotein (cRNP) assembly. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA-binding activity of NP is necessary for stabilization of cRNA, whereas, surprisingly, homo-oligomerization of NP is not essential. However, both RNA binding and homo-oligomerization activities are essential for genome replication.”
“Genomic imprinting is the differential expression of an allele based on the parent selleck chemical of origin. Recent transcriptome-wide evaluations of the number of imprinted genes reveal complex patterns of imprinted expression among developmental stages and cell types. Such data demand a comprehensive evolutionary framework in which to understand the effect of natural selection on imprinted gene expression. We present such a framework for how asymmetries in demographic parameters and fitness effects can lead to the evolution of genomic imprinting and place recent theoretical advances in this framework. This represents a modern interpretation of the kinship theory, is well suited to studying populations with complex social interactions, and provides predictions which can be tested with forthcoming transcriptomic data. To understand the intricate phenotypic patterns

that are emerging from the recent deluge of data, future investigations of genomic imprinting will require integrating selleckchem evolutionary theory, transcriptomic data, developmental and functional genetics, and natural history.”
“BACKGROUND: Monitoring brain tissue PO2 (PbtO(2))

is part of multimodality monitoring of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, PbtO(2) measurement is a sampling of only a small area of tissue surrounding the sensor tip.

OBJECTIVE: Enzalutamide ic50 To examine the effect of catheter location on the relationship between PbtO(2) and neurological outcome.

METHODS: A total of 405 patients who had PbtO(2) monitoring as part of standard management of severe traumatic brain injury were studied. The relationships between probe location and resulting PbtO(2) and outcome were examined.

RESULTS: When the probe was located in normal brain, PbtO(2) averaged 30.8 +/- 18.2 compared with 25.6 +/- 14.8 mm Hg when placed in abnormal brain (P < .001). Factors related to neurological outcome in the best-fit logistic regression model were age, PbtO(2) probe position, postresuscitation motor Glasgow Coma Scale score, and PbtO(2) trend pattern. Although average PbtO(2) was significantly related to outcome in univariate analyses, it was not significant in the final logistic model. However, the interaction between PbtO(2) and probe position was statistically significant. When the PbtO(2) probe was placed in abnormal brain, the average PbtO(2) was higher in those with a favorable outcome, 28.8 +/- 12.