At word onset, ERP epochs of 400 ms were extracted to compare perception of high and low tones. Since Wnt inhibitor suffix onset occurred more than 200 ms after epoch offset, words involving both matching and mismatching suffixes were used, yielding 60 epochs per subject and condition. At suffix onset, 30 epochs of 600 ms were extracted per subject and condition. A 100 ms prestimulus time window was used for baseline correction. Epochs exceeding±100 μV after compensation for eye artifacts using independent component analysis (Jung et al., 2000) were rejected,

M=11%, SD=14% for word onset, M=10%, SD=14% for suffix onset. To test the hypotheses, ERP averages of all unrejected epochs of nine regions of interest (RoIs) in three different time windows were submitted to repeated measures ANOVAs. At word onset, test factors were tone Nivolumab (high, low), antpost (anterior, central, posterior), and laterality (left, mid, right). The time windows 100–150 ms

(N1) and 200–300 ms (P2) were used based on previous findings (Roll et al., 2010 and Roll and Horne, 2011). Since visual inspection suggested an earlier onset of the P2 effect, we also included an intermediate analysis time window between 160 and 200 ms. At suffix onset, the factor suffix (high tone-inducing, low tone-inducing) was added, and a 400–550 ms time window was tested based on previous findings and visual inspection (Roll et al., 2010). Significant and marginal interactions were broken down by the topographical

factor. Greenhouse–Geisser correction was used when applicable. All and only significant effects are reported. RoIs (Fig. 2) were left anterior (electrodes 25, 22, 32, 26, 23, 34, 33, 27, 24, 28, 20), mid anterior (21, 14, 15, 16, 18, 10, 19, 11, 4, 12, 5), right anterior (9, 8, 3, 2, 1, 124, 123, 122, 118, 117, 116), left central (29, 35, 30, 40, 36, 41, 46, 42, 37, 47, 53), mid central (13, 6, 112, 7, 106, 31, 129, 80, 55, 54, 79), right central (111, 105, 110, 104, 103, 109, Org 27569 87, 93, 86, 98, 102), left posterior (50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70), mid posterior (61, 78, 62, 67, 77, 72, 71, 76, 75, 74, 82), and right posterior (92, 85, 97, 101, 91, 84, 96, 85, 90, 95, 89). This work was supported by Grants 2011-27071-84117-67 and 421-2009-1773 from the Swedish Research Council. “
“The authors regret an error which was found on page 91, Section 2.7.2, in the last sentence. It should read, “There was a significant difference in effect size relative to the age of the sample with larger positive effects observed for high school, adult, and older adult samples and a smaller (but still significantly different from zero) effect observed for young adult samples”. “
“The authors regret that the name of the fifth author, Mingke Song, is misspelled in the published version as Minke Song. The name appears correctly above. “
“Neurobionics is the direct interfacing of electronic devices with the nervous system.